The results revealed that all the development indicators are abysmally low for the Scheduled Tribes, particularly for the PVTGs, that is, these groups in Kerala were excluded during the human development lopsided growth period. When growth started picking up during the last two decades, the human development status of the Scheduled Tribes did not see any perceptible improvement. The major reasons for Kerala's human development lopsided state, including historical factors, struggle for social reforms, land reforms, and spread of education, particularly female education, did not influence the tribal population in Kerala. Urbanization and welfare programmes triggered the virtuous cycle of growth in Kerala, and migration and resulting remittances led to growth reinstated by human development. However, the Scheduled Tribes in Kerala were not part of the growth triggers and human development triggers which kept them in a low state of human development in the virtuous cycle phase too.

Author Name: Manju S. Nair and Sajeev M.V.

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Keywords: Human development index, human development lopsided growth, multidimensional poverty index, virtuous growth, vulnerable tribal groups.

ISSN: 2277-5412

EISSN: 2322-0430

EOI/DOI: https://doi.org/10.35716/IJED/

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