Volume 6, Issue 12

Toxicity leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Orium oleonder on Gambusia affinis in water's Ain Chkef river of Morocco PDF

Mariam ESSAFI, Khalid BOURAADA,Lahsen El GHADRAOUI

This article deals with the comparative analysis of the toxic effect of both studied species and vegetable shows that the leaves of Oleonder (Orium oleonder) are very toxic compared to those of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). The dried leaves of Oleonder desoxygenent much the receiver medium than Eucalyptus. Aching time proves a limiting factor in the mortality of Gambisia (Gambusia affinis). The mortality rates of Gambisia is growing as and as leaching time increases and Lessivas 24 hours of Oleonder leaves appear very toxic they are 15 times and more toxic than those obtained after one hour while for Eucalyptus those values TL 50 decreases. The toxicity of Eucalyptus leaves and Oleonder could be due to their content of polyphenols and soluble toxic substances.


A Class of New Block Generalized Adams Implicit Runge-Kutta Collocation Methods PDF

Kumleng G.M., Chollom J. P, Omagwu S

In this paper, the reformulation of the block generalized Adams methods into block generalized Adams implicit Rung-Kutta methods for step numbers k =3, 4, 5, is considered. This is because of the usefulness of block implicit Runge-Kutta methods for the solution of stiff ordinary differential equations. The new methods proposed in this paper turn out to be A-stable and possess the stability properties of the Runge-Kutta methods and have implicit structure for accurate and efficient implementation. Numerical examples obtained demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new block methods.


Review of Generalized Fermat Number & Few Properties of Prime Number with respect to N-equation PDF

Debajit Das

It cannot be denial of the fact that with the help of N-equation theory we have received the answers of so many unsolved problems in number theory. N-equation is nothing but the systematic arrangement of all Pythagorean triplets, details of which was first published in this journal IJSER vide Aug-edition 2013 and by which first we have been able to penetrate the mystery of Beal equation. Then with further development of N-equation we unveiled the mystery of Generalized Fermat Number published in same journal Nov-edition, 2015 and so many related conjectures in between. Now it is felt necessary to review the proof of Generalized Fermat Number once again just to have a clear picture and to highlight few properties of prime numbers generated out of this. The most important highlight of which is how twin primes form with respect to N-equation.


Multiple Collection Searching: An approach with two term layers in the Bayesian network retrieval model PDF

Divya V

As hundreds or even thousands of collections are available on the Internet, the IR community must cope with the problem of searching multiple collections. To build a single index for all collections is practically prohibited by its obvious drawback: it is too slow, because searching such a gigantic index takes a long time to complete. Worse, this search may not complete due to network resource limits in case of hundreds of collections. This paper describes how to use Bayesian inference network, a probabilistic approach, to solve the problems in searching multiple collections. An efficient learning method to capture the relationships among terms contained in a given document collection, for improving the retrieval performance, as well as their use for retrieval purposes, is also shown.


Computer Vision and Web Framework for Bank Security Locker System Using Arm Processor PDF

R.Bala Bhaskar, A.Murali Krishna, Dr. K.Sreenivasa Ravi

Internet and Digitalization is everywhere and that is the next and running revolution running around the globe. Everything is digitalized, and the market trends on it. E-commerce plays a vital role in marketing the product, purchasing the product, reviewing the product and mainly in India there were too many start- ups running on E-commerce. The purchase with internet is the most feasible way and reaches the customer satisfaction in majority possible cases. When you see the market, there were Android Smartphones coming up with the new emerging applications that moves the e-Market to next gen. Collecting signature from the customer is the digitalization concept that anyone wants to see. That topic is our main agenda, which is to collect signature from the user and to check whether it is her/his own signature or not. Signature is collected with the help of Android Smartphone from the user and it is uploaded to the dynamic web server for image processing using OpenCV with Python (Histogram Evaluation). If it matches with the original signature then SMS will be sent to the user. The same application can also be used in accessing the locker at Banks. This application is demonstrated here with a simple security system.


Modeling of the Dehydrogenation Reaction to produce Olefins for the Petrochemical Industry PDF

M.S.H.Mohamed, M.SH.Hassan , H.A.Farag and Y.A, Eltawil

Modeling of a heterogeneous industrial fixed bed reactor for selective dehydrogenation of heavy paraffin with Pt-Sn-Al2O3 catalyst (DEH-7 (UOP)) is the subject of current study. Using mass balance for appropriate element of reactor . In order to investigate reactor performance in time, the reactor model which is a set of partial differential equations (PDEs), ordinary differential equations and algebraic equations will be solved numerically. Variation of paraffin, olefin mole percent as a function of time and reactor radius is estimated by numerical solution of the mathematical model. And variation of temperature with reactor radius found by numerical solution of the mathematical model. Modeling results are compared with an industrial reactor data at different operating times.


DANGER: Adolescent! Keep your personal information private on SNS PDF

Ms. Shabnam S. Mahat, Dr.S.D.Mundhe

The Social Network is a channels of communication and self-expression. Countless individuals use message boards, date matching sites, interactive social networks, blog hosting services and video sharing websites to make themselves and their ideas visible to the world. Facebook is one eminent social networking service where users create personal profiles, add other users as friends and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their own profile. Once you uploaded photos, videos and personal details on the SNS sites, you are helpless to control its circulation. While such intermediaries enable the user-driven digital age, they also create new legal problems. This study has summarized some of the main findings with respect of the antecedents, behaviors, and effects relating to Facebook use. There are still gaps in the research to date that may be worth studying in more detail.


Effect of Adding Surfactant Slug to Polymer Flooding in Cross flow Multi-layered Reservoir PDF

U. Hassan, M.B. Adamu, M.K. Abba and A.A. Shamsuddeen

Natural reservoir energy recovers less than one third of the original oil in place (OOIP) leaving substantial part of the oil in the reservoir. Due to high energy demand and difficulties in exploring and developing new oil fields; several enhanced oil recovery methods are being developed in order to optimise production in marginal oil fields. In an effort to understand the effect of adding surfactant slug to polymer flooding in a cross flow multi-layered reservoir, a simulation study was carried out for polymer flood and surfactant/polymer flood at different water cuts of 30%, 50% and 65% in order to compare and predict the incremental oil recovered by each of the two enhanced oil recovery methods. The polymer slug consists of water, calcium, alcohol, tracers and was injected at the rate of 112ft3/day for 1500 days at the different water cuts. Both the polymer and the surfactant floods were carried out for a period of 1500 days using one injection well and one production well. The simulation results show that polymer flooding on the average can recover about 27% of the original oil in place while surfactant-polymer flooding can recover up to 45% of the original oil in place (OOIP). This shows that adding surfactant to polymer can increase oil recovery by about 18% on the average for both single and multi-layer reservoirs provided there is communication at the contact planes.


Survey on Software Effort Estimation Technique – A Review PDF

E.KARUNAKARAN, N.SREENATH

This paper aims to provide improvements of software sizing, effort estimation and cost estimation research through a systematic review of the previous work carried out by many authors. The review used 150 research papers from different journals and conferences and analysed in three title namely software sizing models, effort estimation models, and cost estimation models. The review results combined with other knowledge provide support for recommendation for future software sizing, effort estimation and cost estimation.


Methods for Providing High Security to Transfer Secret Image PDF

Prasanna Kumar H.R, Niranjan N Chiplunkar

Privacy and security of data being transmitted has become the major issue. Now a day’s one of the major challenge is transfer of data securely through the secure communication channel. Many images transmitted via Internet containing secret information but not secure. In Visual cryptography technique, the secret image is initially partitioned into different shares. The shares may be meaningful or meaningless. The receiver can get the original image only after combining specified number of shares. Here each individual image does not give any information about the secret. To transfer the secret, which is in the form of image, the visual cryptography technique is more suitable. Different algorithms already proposed in visual cryptography by considering the security level. Multi layer security approach is used to increase the security level. Along with Symmetric and asymmetric algorithm, Visual Cryptography method is also considered for more security. In this paper, a visual secret sharing scheme is used so that the secret image can hide into share images with pixel expansion. An extra confidential image is embedded in the share images. Share images are encrypted using DES algorithm. Extra confidential image is also used for check the validity of reconstructed secret image. At the receiver side, receiver has to decrypt two shares and stack them to get secret image. In another method, the secret image is encrypted using Arnold’s transformation in the first step. Two shares are created using basic (2, 2) method in the second step. In the third level of security, shares are embedded in two host images. On the receiver end, shares are extracted from camouflage image and then stacked to get the encrypted image. Encrypted image is decrypted using Arnold’s Inverse Transformation These two proposed methods definitely increase the level of security.


INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF MAKAHIYA (Mimosa pudica Linn) LEAF EXTRACT TO THREE TEST ORGANISMS PDF

Germana Gloria V. Molina

With the reported phytochemical analysis of Mimosa pudica Linn, the study determined its leaf extracts’ inhibitory activity to three test organisms through methods of extraction and microbial test. The leave of Mimosa pudica were collected from Lussoc Ilocos Sur and was evaluated against three multi drug resistant human pathogens .The antimicrobial activities are important diagnostic laboratories to analyse the resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent. This study is in support of the Philippine Department of Health’s continuous research for traditional alternative herbal medicine. The leaf extract of Mimosa pudica strongly inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus The researcher recommends the establishing of Mimosa pudica as traditional, alternative medicine for diseases/ illnesses caused by the above mentioned bacteria. Hence the MIC of the secondary metabolites as well as the isolation and characterization of the primary metabolites of the plant should also be done as it has yielded a promising potential as an antimicrobial.


INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY TRADITIONAL HEALERS IN ILOC0S SUR PDF

Germana Gloria V. Molina

This research documented local plant species with its botanical interest and scientific names used by the traditional healers in Ilocos Sur. In this study, the profile of the respondents who were Ilocano traditional healers were identified in terms of sex, age, serve as a healer, mentorship type of disease treated and specialization in the indigenous medicinal treatment The indigenous knowledge of the Ilocano traditional healers was studied based on the botanical remedies and human ailments of the identified plant species in Ilocos Sur. It also included the methods of preparation of the medicinal plants used by the traditional healers. Fifty three (53) local traditional healers were interviewed to provide needed information.


ANDROID PHONE PERSONALIZATION AND USE PDF

Zakia Sultana

A smartphone can be personalized either by modifying its appearance or by adapting its functionality/content to the user’s needs. We looked at the personalization habits and self-reported usage in a group of students furnished with an Android smartphone. Appearance personalization was done mainly by changing the wallpaper. Functionality personalization was done by downloading apps, putting them on the home screens, changing the launcher and, in some cases, modifying the favorites tray. Although entertainment apps were downloaded most often and tool and entertainment apps were most often placed in the home screens for quick access, participants reported using their smartphones primarily for socialization and search. Participants appreciated the smartphone mainly for how it supported their social needs. At the same time, they were worried about it alienating them from the people around them. In summary, personalization supported Android users’ relatedness, utilitarian, and hedonic needs.


Mobile Cloud Computing and Issues - A Survey PDF

Akhil Srivastava

Together with rapid growth in mobile applications and cloud computing technology, mobile cloud computing has been introduced to be a potential technology for mobile services. In this paper, we present a survey of mobile cloud computing research, highlighting the specific issues in mobile cloud computing. This Paper gives brief introduction of Mobile Cloud Computing and its architecture. It also discusses various different issues in different aspects of Mobile Cloud Computing.


“Leadership in Bangladesh Corporate Culture” A research on the changes in organizational leadership & culture in Bangladesh PDF

Jamee Ahmad, Laila Habib, Mohammad Kamruzzaman

Corporate leadership is set to be one of the most challenging roles in organizations today. With the dynamic changes in the global business environment, the focus on changes in organizational culture is explicitly sought to be the key aspect of organizational change management. Keeping in tandem with the volatile global business environment, countries like Bangladesh where the dynamism of organizational changes are shifting from the traditional methods of leadership to a more autocratic leadership, it is understandable that the changes are taking place throughout the organization at each level. As corporate culture is thought be a genuinely challenging aspect of organizational change, the research has therefore extended its horizon towards understanding the organizational leadership and culture in the corporate sector of Bangladesh spreading over a mix of multicultural and different leadership styles existing as well as the challenges the organizations are facing to keep in tune with changing business environment.


Improved Fault Tolerant Elastic Scheduling Algorithm for Cloud Computing PDF

Sukhbir Singh and Raman Kumar

The paper focus on Fault Tolerance, a long standing problem in cloud computing by extending Primary Backup model to include cloud features such as virtualization and elasticity. Fault tolerance is a challenging work in Cloud Computing as virtual machines are the basic computing instances rather than hosts that enable virtual machines to migrate to other hosts. The on demand provisioning of resources makes the cloud elastic thus resources can be added on demand and when no longer requirement exists, the resources can be released. Prevailing fault tolerant scheduling algorithms which studied PB model approach in cloud computing investigated single Host crashes. The proposed algorithm, improved Fault Tolerant Elastic Scheduling Algorithm identified as IFTESA, is able to handle two host crashes concurrently. IFTESA attempts to boost performance by involving virtual machine migration and overlapping technique. The constraints have been investigated to full fill fault tolerance needs.


Proposed methodology to allow bottom pour in a less than 400 kg ladle with steel thermal masses in Investment Shell Casting Process PDF

Nilesh P. Vanikar, Dr.Prof. Shantipal S. Ohol, Tanay R. Anjikar

Bottom pour of certain metal alloys is used regularly in casting industries. Good quality castings are produces as optimization of parameters like pour height, metal flow and temperature range of pouring etc. can easily be achieved. Metal slag related issues are also avoided resulting in less inclusion defects. But this process is used only for large mass of metal (> 1100 kgs) due to various reasons. Solutions to come up with a smaller mass of metal (< 500 kgs) are discussed here to achieve same advantages as by bottom pour for large mass of specific metal alloys. Specific example for bottom pour using stopper rod for ASTM 351A/CFM 8 is discussed for experimentation in investment casting process based on these solutions.


Realistic Comparison of Performance Parameters of Static and Dynamic Unicast Routing over Mesh Topology PDF

Ashutosh Sharma, Rajiv kumar

In this paper a realistic comparison analysis of the static and dynamic routing protocols has been made. Parameters of performance selected for this analysis are average delay, average throughput and average packet loss in different mesh network. Both the routing protocols are used by the network architectures and designers in practice. A static routing protocol does not check the connection once it has been established i.e. during transmission of data transfer whereas dynamic routing protocol periodically checks the connection and also update the path accordingly. Analysis conducted in this paper presents that the dynamic routing is better than static routing in term of average delay and average packet delivery ratio while static routing is better than dynamic routing with respect to average throughput. All the simulations have been done with the help of Network Simulator Tool NS2.


Reliable Control of PMDC Motor Speed Using Matlab PDF

M. O. Charles, R. C. Okoro, I. A. Ikposhi, D. E. Oku

This research investigated several controllers designed to control the speed of a 380-volt permanent magnet DC motor set to rotate at a speed of 45 rads/sec. The aim is to design a controller which is robust and reliable, with a good disturbance rejection suitable for use in any industrial equipment or domestic appliance which rotates at a speed of 45 rads/sec. The system modeling was carried out using simulink for proper analysis of the time responses of the various controllers. The reliability of the system model was tested with a torque of 10Nm and the responses show that the cascade-PID controller amongst all controller designs tested can produce a stable, reliable, and robust but not very sensitive system, while the ordinary PID controller can produce a highly sensitive, but less stable system.


Soil Improvement Techniques PDF

Gaafer,Manar, Bassioni,Hesham, Mostafa,Tareq

Soil at a construction site may not always be totally suitable for supporting structures in its natural state. In such a case, the soil needs to be improved to increase its bearing capacity and decrease the expected settlement. This paper gives an overview of techniques that are commonly used to improve the performance of saturated clayey soil in situ, its functions, methods of installation, the applicable soil types and cost of those techniques. Then, this study concluded that there is an urgent need to study the technique of removal and replacement for improving soil behavior taking into consideration geotechnical requirements (i.e. bearing capacity and settlement) and cost to achieve the optimum thickness of replacement layers and the most suitable material corresponding to minimum total cost of foundation works.


Quality Evaluation of Acid Radicals of Some Selected Boreholes in Edda, Ebonyi State PDF

Ibiam J.A`, Afiukwa J.N, Ugbo, U.l, Ezem, S.N and Ehiri, R.C

The Acid Radicals of some boreholes in Edda of Ebonyi State were evaluated. Composite samples drawn from 8 borehole water sources were collected for dry and rainy seasons and analyzed for acid radicals The Ammonia, Nitrate, nitrite of the water samples were determined using UV Spectrophotometer model HACH DR 2400 (Phenate Method) at wavelengths of 636, 470 and 520 nm. The Phosphorus of the water samples was determined at wavelength 882nm using UV Spectrophotometer (Ascorbic Acid Method) while sulphate was determined at wavelength 420 nm using UV Spectrophotometer model SM 7525. The Chloride of the water samples was determined Mohr’s Method.


DESIGN OF A REAL-TIME MICROCONTROLLER BASED GSM-EMBEDDED INTRUSION SECURITY SYSTEM PDF

Joseph G.M, Nwankwo E. L, Ojo Mayowa Eniola and Eneh C.D

Intrusion detection systems are essential if home security is to be guaranteed. This paper aims at developing a real-time intrusion detection system using Passive IR sensor, ATmega32 microcontroller, SIM1900a GSM Modem, Liquid Crystal Display and buzzer. The Passive IR detects motion and intrusion within a desired perimeter range and sends pulses to microcontroller continuously. The microcontroller will trigger an alarm and sends alert messages to preprogrammed mobile device via GSM in case of untoward situations. The passive Infrared is low-powered which utilizes pyroelectricity effect to detect a human body that is a constant source of infrared radiation. Use of real-time SMS notification with in-house alarm system will increase home safety and security.


Task Based Language Teaching Method PDF

Mohammad Alfehaid

This paper is about Task Based Language Teaching, which is considered one of the newest of the teaching methods


An Iterative Technique for Requirement Elicitation in Global Software Development PDF

Nuzhat Sultana, Nayyar Iqbal

The purpose of the research is to solve those ambiguities which arise when requirements gathering are conducted globally. In the global software devel-opment there are unique challenges for developers and system users across national, cultural, political and language barriers. The most important challenge in the global software development is the selection of an appropriate technique and how the change management process can be applied because the technology is transforming day by day. There is a need that software engineers must be free and open to choose the requirement elicitation techniques and applicable changes can be made any time. This research made comparison between requirement elicitation techniques. The quantitative approach was used by processing online survey and interview and on the basis of these findings we will be able to find out that how the requirements should be gathered and some suggestions also been given to improve the process.


Crack Formation in CFRP Grid Reinforced Mortar Member – A Case Study PDF

Dr. S. Vijaya Mohan Rao

This paper reports from a research study, aiming to investigate the crack development of a CFRP grid-reinforced mortar member tested in uniaxial tension. This composition of CFRP together with the mortar forms the MBC (Mineral Based Composite) strengthening material and its application for strengthening concrete structures is being researched. For the strengthening material, tendencies in behaviour with changing geometrical parameters and mortar compositions are detailed. The actual tests described contribute to a larger ongoing project on Mineral Based Composites (MBC), which is a newly developed strengthening materials and system for existing concrete structures, where FRPs, mainly CFRP grids are externally bonded to the concrete surface by means of cementitious bonding agents, i.e. polymer modified mortars. Here only the strengthening system itself has been tested, the FRP material and the bonding agent together under uniaxial tension. Crack formation, crack development in CFRP reinforced concrete and the interaction between CFRP reinforcement and mortars are documented and evaluated and different mortars and grids are compared.


Utilization Of Ultra Sonics For Making A Hologram Tangible PDF

S. Shanmukha Madhava

In this present day technological era, technology plays a crucial role than art and artists. Holography on the other side gained its roots in the industry representing an era of three dimensional (3D) entertainments. For example, movies like ‘Avatar’, ‘The Iron Man’ and ‘The Minority Report’ used HOLOGRAPHY extensively which made the viewers to have a very good visual experience. Although Holograms used in those films were graphically designed in the computer (CGI) ,we can generate a Hologram by our usual HOLOGRAM MAKING METHODS. But till now, there is no evidence that Holograms are tangible .We can only see the Hologram but cannot touch and feel it. This paper presents an analytical approach towards Tangible Holography by Utilizing U.S (ULTRA SONIC) WAVES, giving rise to a new form of live entertainment in real time applications.


Improved Fault Tolerant Elastic Scheduling Algorithm (IFESTAL) PDF

Sukhbir Singh and Raman Kumar

The existing fault tolerant models focus on the failure of host. If a host fails, the copies of tasks on this host will fail to finish. At one time instant, at most one host may encounter a failure, that is to say, if the primaries of tasks fail, the backups can always finish successfully before another host fails. Failures can be either transient or permanent, and are independent, affecting only a single host. In this paper, an attempt will be made to propose an improved algorithm to tolerate multiple host failures which will be tested using guarantee ratio, hosts active time, ratio of task over host time.


Theory of Anything-Sankhya Philosophy PDF

Ashish Kumar

I am going to present a unify theory of anything, from which you can solve all the unsolved problems of universe. To understand Theory of Anything (TOA) first I will explain an old Hindu philosophy called Sankhya philosophy. Than from Sankhya Philosophy I’ll try to explain all the unsolved problems of universe.


Influence of annealing on structural and Micro- Hardness of nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films PDF

F. Abd El-Salam, M. M. Mostafa, M.M. El-Nahass, R.H.Nada, E.F. M. El Zaidia, H.S. Mohamed

In the present study, TiO2 powder was used as the starting material to prepare thin films by conventional thermal evaporation using high vacuum coating unit type (Edwards E 306A). The surface topography and nanoparticles shape of TiO2 thin films as deposited and annealed at the temperatures 473, 673 and 873K were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The films showed good uniformity, crack free surface and nanoparticles with small ellipsoidal shape dispersing with high separations. The indentation experiments were carried out by using micro hardness tester showed the absence of monotonic behaviour and irregular thermally induced oscillations in the curves of the film hardness, HVf versus the annealing temperature. This behavior may be due to the combined effects of the applied factors; the temperature, the load and the dwell time, on the obtained HVf. Also the indentation size effect index (ISE), m, was calculated as 1.6 for the TiO2 films indicating that the hardnesss depends on indentation size.


Applications of Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem to the Heat Conduction Equation using Fourier Integrals PDF

Sharmin Akter, Umme Ruman

Old Fashioned definitions of mathematics, as a science of numbers and magnitude are no longer valid. Now-a-days it has many applications in many branches for solving physical problem including geometrical configuration. Partial differential equation plays an important role in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to present various types of partial differential equations with applications. Some partial differential equations almost entirely to a kind of boundary value problems which enters modern applied mathematics at every term have been included and solved by using Fourier transform. Laplace transform and separation of variables method. I have explained the physical problems on the conduction of heat and solved by different methods. Fourier series and its applications in Boundary value problem have also been discussed


Mapping Land Use and Land Cover in parts of the Niger Delta for Effective Planning and Administration PDF

Udoka, Ubong Paulinus, Opar, Alex Iheanyichukwu, Nwankwor, Godwin Ifedilichukwu, Ebhuom, Osadolor Obiahon

This research paper presents an analysis of land cover/land use characteristics within some coastal states in the Niger Delta as a basis for critical long term regional land use planning. The objective of the study is to help administrators in identifying high priority development and conservation zones including areas of production potentials for cropping pattern and specific areas necessary for land use optimization. The land use/ land cover mapping of the study area revealed a cluster of urban settlements at the center of each of the three states. A cluster settlement is an indicator of organized human habitation within which socio-economic activities (transportation systems, communication, administrative system and education) and other developmental activities revolve around. This study identified 13 significant cluster settlements with 6 of the clusters occurring within Akwa Ibom State, 4 in Rivers State and 3 in Bayelsa state. These clusters are settlement areas of dense habitation ranging from 63.5 Sq. Km to 581 Sq. Km with the largest occurring in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The Land use analysis within the study area shows a high pressure on forest resources over other land resources (such as farm and grass land). Among the three states covered wthin this study, Rivers State has the highest forest resources, while Bayelsa State has the highest water resources.


Exploring the Spirituality – Texts and contexts in Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day PDF

P.K.Selvaraj and Dr.V.N.Manjula

Miranda Day receives the name “Mama Day” not because she has many children of her personal, she has none---but because as midwife, she has formed or birthed, most of residents of Willow Springs. She has served as mother not only to her own blood relations but to various people of the island, she is recognized as the most powerful conjurist on the island. Mama Day is a modern love story, a timeless generational history, an amazing tale of the supernatural power of African-American traditions. It is a novel that passes through the worlds of the black and white. The first one is the southern barrier in the island of Willow Springs, a place which is not exempted from the racial laws of men. As God has created the earth in six days so has Naylor took longer to create her personal universe in Mama Day. The other world, New York City is multi-racial, multi linguist governed by stern and apparently heartless codes of love. Naylor gives each of world its personal storyline and storyteller and then brings them together. She also explores and examines several reconciliations between the blacks rustic past and their urban present, between allegory and the past, between individuals and communities, sense and trust and at last the living and the dead. On the other side, Miranda recalls the history of her father and great grandfather, Boscombe, who was a Norwagian and got married to Sapphira, an African-born and then forthcoming generation which has also witnessed the claws of slavery. Willow Springs is an imaginary place, where the blacks’ monarch rules in their own way and refuse to follow the rule and regulations of whites.


HOME AUTOMATION PDF

Swetanjal Murati Dutta, Pitanjal Murati Dutta, Debasish Dutta, Dr.Debasis Roy

Due to the proliferation of modern technology, these days, the world is increasingly experienced the use of wireless devices. The devices such as remote control and GSM phone could provide means for monitoring and controlling home appliances in a more convenient way. This project has explored the concept of home automation. A home automated system based on Arduino and GSM Modular developed which is tried to be in-tegrated with Android application through Home Gateway for network interoperability. To show the effective-ness and feasibility of this proposed system, a remote control, indoor control and outdoor control systems have been developed and evaluated. However, integrating the system with android application remains unsuccessful.


Scanning Electron Microscopy Study for Fracture Surface of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites PDF

Faez M. Hassan, Hassan Hadi Darwoysh

The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles 50 nm on some mechanical properties of epoxy resin was investigated (Young’s modulus and Flexural strength). Moreover, this study shows the effect of using scanning electron microscopy on fracture surface. The nanocomposites were prepared by using three processing steps with different fraction volume of nanoparticles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10 %). Flexural strength and Young’s modulus of nanocomposites were increased at low fraction volume (Max. enhancement at 3%). However, at higher fraction volume, both Young’s modulus and Flexural strength were decreased with increasing of ductility, and the mechanical properties were enhanced more than that of neat epoxy resin. Fracture surface topography shows rougher and lesser uniform surface compared with that neat epoxy resin, more than one crack propagation directions as well as river lines are lesser in length and crowded compared with neat epoxy resin. The current study shows that Al2O3 nanoparticles agglomerations are very obvious in the fracture surface.


CO2 Study and dependancy of Ventilation Rate on CO2 Concentration-A Survey PDF

Ms. Rupam S. Rote, Prof. Ms. Rupali. R Jagtap

This paper summarize the role of CO2 in ventilation systems. A survey also helped to study the current state of the art in Co2-based ventilation control with brief discussion of technology used, its reliability and how it is best used for energy saving. The control of outdoor air intake rates in mechanically ventilated buildings based on indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, called CO2 demand controlled ventilation (DCV). This paper gives the overall view of actual energy saving potential, ventilation system features, building occupancy, how indoor air quality impacts to implement CO2 DCV. The report presents the art of review of CO2 technology and applications with its literature review. In addition specifications while using CO2 sensor are examined.


Survey of Security Threats and Counter Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks PDF

Sunil Kumar Jangir, Naveen Hemrajani

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are pervasive, self-configuring, infrastructure-free, and ubiquitous devoid of any centralized authority. Mobile ad hoc networks have proved their efficiency in the deployment for different fields, but they are highly vulnerable to security attacks which is particularly challenging in wireless networks. The existing research that has been carried out provides authentication, confidentiality, availability, and secure routing in ad hoc networks. This paper is an attempt to review the prevailing mobile ad hoc network security threats and the existing solutions.


Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Construction Errors in Reinforced Concrete Beams PDF

Afunanya, J.E, Williams, F.N and Tok, T.Y

This research investigated through experimental procedure the effects of construction errors in flexural and shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This was achieved by casting and testing fifteen RC beam specimens (1000 × 120 × 150mm) under the four point bending test in Heavy Structures Laboratory at Swansea University UK. The test variable is the arrangement of tensile steel reinforcements and transverse shear links. Beam specimens were categorized into two series according to their designed modes of failure i.e. flexural and shear. Flexural specimens were significantly reinforced in shear, to ensure flexural failure whist shear specimens were significantly reinforced in flexure to ensure shear failure. For each specimen series, three cast beam specimens served as the control whilst nine others (three for each construction error investigated) were cast with a construction error in either tensile steel reinforcement or transverse shear links. Analysis and discussion of results is based on the failure modes, ultimate loads sustained and load-deflection behaviour of beam specimens. Test results indicate that a reduction in the effective depth of specimens in the flexural series led to an 8.14% and 28.6% decrease in strength and ductility of beam specimens. For the shear series; the removal of a transverse shear link and the inclination of transverse shear links at 60° resulted in 14.1% and 10.6% decrease in strength and 12.8% and 20.9% decrease in ductility respectively.


Resource Allocation and Server Consolidation Algorithms for Green Computing PDF

Mostafa Sami, M. Haggag, Dina Salem

In cloud computing data centers, the only interest was high performance without paying much attention to energy consumption that is growing rapidly. Many huge problems come up from this high energy consumption. Turning green is a new concept for data centers, to solve these problems. Green computing means using resources efficiently and eco-friendly. This research paper proposes a scalable system that helps data centers use energy in an efficient way, by combining a resource allocation algorithm and a server consolidation one, their goal is to minimize the number of physical machines used to execute all required tasks.


Noise Reduction Techniques and Algorithms For Speech Signal Processing PDF

M.A.Josephine Sathya , Dr.S.P.Victor

Acoustic problems in the environment have gained attention due to the tremendous growth of technology Exposure to high decibels of sound proves damaging to humans from both a physical and a psychological aspect. The problem of controlling the noise level in the environment has been the focus of a tremendous amount of research over the years. This paper describes a study of techniques for noise reduction which can be applied at the input to standard receivers trained on noise-free speech. In this review, we have classified the existing noise cancellation schemes and algorithms


An Improved Speed and Torque Performance of ANFIS based Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor Drive PDF

Ms.A.Durga Bhavani, Mrs. G. Durga Devi, Dr.K.Satyanarayana

Unlike vector control of induction motor direct Torque Control (DTC) has several advantages. This paper presents intelligent control scheme with ANFIS controller (adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system) to adjust the speed of the direct torque control of induction motor drive. The performance of conventional DTC in Induction Motor drives consisting of PI controller suffers from complicated tuning and Overshoot problems. This control scheme uses the speed error calculated from reference speed and estimated speed which generates the estimated Torque and compared with the actual Torque. Simulation studies have been carried out for different operating conditions of the drive system; the results have been presented and compared with those of the conventional method. From the simulation results it can be observed that when there is a step change in the load torque, the momentary decrease in speed with the proposed method is less. Finally the proposed method will provide less THD in steady state current ripple when compared to the conventional DTC algorithm.


Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Ni-aluminates with Co substitution PDF

M.E. Gouda, W.A.A. Bayoumy

Nickel – Cobalt aluminates nanoparticles (NPs) in the range of 3-27 nm were synthesized by a sol-gel auto combustion method using citric acid as fuel. The as-synthesized (NPs) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), UV–Vis spectroscopy and CIE-L*a*b* color measurement. Formation of spinel phase was identified by XRD. Cationic distributions for the present investigated system were estimated. The colorimetric data pointed out to the formation of blue pigments. These (NPs) exhibit a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature with no coercivity and remanence.


The Effect of the Novel Anti-Collusion Fingerprinting Scheme on the Knowledge from Numeric Databases PDF

Arti Mohanpurkar, Madhuri Joshi

The effect of applying the novel anti-collusion fingerprinting scheme on the knowledge obtained from numeric databases is elaborated in this paper. Here, how the classification statistics are affected after fingerprinting numeric datasets is depicted. Several different classifiers are used for the purpose. This technique is primary key independent and resilient to additive attack. It is found to be highly secured against collusion attack due to the special insertion technique and the secret key used during fingerprinting.


First-principles Study of the Structural, Electron-ic, Optical and Thermodynamic Properties of Bi-nary Compound (AlB2) PDF

Shabnaz Afrin, Shalauddin, M. K. Hossain

In the present study, first-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) is exploited to investigate different properties of AlB2 by using ultra-soft Pseudopotential technique. The study involves the calculations of the structural, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermodynamical properties of AlB2. All these properties are studied at ambient condition and at various temperatures and pressures. It is found that the volume decreases with increasing pressure. Our calculated elastic constants agree with the previous theoretical data expect for C12. and AlB2 is found to be brittle. Calculated electronic band structures are doubly degenerate along Γ-A direction. The total DOS curves of this compound shares similar free-electron-like metallic features. The B 2p states dominate the conductivity of AlB2. The reflectivity spectrum shows that the material is a good reflector within the energy range, 8.15-20.65 eV and the materials should have no band gap. The static refractive index of AlB2 is found to have the values ~ 6.76. Debye temperature increase with pressure. The temperature dependence of α is very weak at higher temperatures and higher pressures.


Context based word prediction for Mobile devices with T9 keypads PDF

Apoorva Saxena

The use of digital mobile phones has led to a tremendous increase in communication using messaging. On a phone T9 keypad, multiple words are mapped to same numeric code due to multiple posssilbe combinationsof different alphabets associated with the particular numeric code . The article proposes a Context Based Word Prediction system for SMS messaging in which context of the word based on prior words is used to predict the most appropriate word for a given code.


Preparation and characterization of ( PVP +NaCl) based polymer electrolytes for electrochemical cell applications PDF

V.Raja, C.V.Subba Rao, V.V.R.Narasimha Rao

Polymer electrolyte films based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) complexed with sodium chloride (NaCl) were prepared by solution casting technique. The complexation of NaCl salt with the polymer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. The conductivity and dielectric measurements were carried out on these films in the frequency range 100Hz to 1MHz and temperature range 303K to 360 K. The complex impedance spectroscopy results reveal that the high-frequency semicircle is due to the bulk effect of the material. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of these electrolytes exhibited Arrhenius behavior. The value of activation energy decreases with increasing salt concentration. Transference numbers were carried out using Wagner’s polarization technique. The charge transport in this electrolyte system is predominantly due to ions. Electrochemical cells were fabricated with the configuration Na / (PVP+ NaCl) / (I2+C+electrolyte) and various parameters of the cells including open circuit voltage (OCV), short circuit current (SCC), power density etc., were evaluated. The performance of the electrochemical cells in the present investigations compares favorably with the parameters of earlier workers on different electrolyte systems, which clearly indicates the applicability of the present electrolyte systems as potential candidates for solid state electrochemical cells.


Edge-Enhancement in Intra Prediction Algorithm for H.264 PDF

Maha Sharkas, Mohamed E. Khedr, Abdusalam Z. Adham

In an H.264 Advanced Video Coding system, an intra-prediction tool that uses neighbor picture elements within the current picture has been adopted for enhancing compression efficiency. In this paper, a new efficient H.264 intra prediction scheme is proposed. The new prediction scheme is called Modified Prediction Matrix Mode (MPMM). The main idea behind the proposed prediction algorithm is to differentiate between the best suitable intra predictions pixels, {vertical - horizontal}. The performance of our proposed modification is evaluated using Mat Lab code. The results show that our MPMM enhances the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) in addition to giving a clue for the object's edge pattern.


Inelastic longitudinal electron scattering C2 form factors in 60Ni PDF

Firas Z. Majeed and Fadhel M. Hmood

Inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors in 60Ni nucleus have been studied using the nuclear shell model that carried out in terms of configuration mixing with limiting number of orbits in the model-space (restricted model space) (2p3/2, 2p1/2,1f5/2)n and including the effects of the discarded space (core orbits + higher orbits) outside the model-space, which is called core-polarization effects, through a microscopic theory as first-order perturbation theory that considers particle-hole excitations from the core orbits and via the model-space orbits into the higher orbits with 2ℏ𝜔 excitations. The shell-model wave functions obtained with the configuration, with a number of active neutrons outside the inert core 56Ni. The effective interaction F5PVH potential is used to generate the model space wave function. The simple harmonic oscillator (HO) potential is used to generate the single particle wave functions. Two realistic interactions had been adopted as a residual interactions to couple the particle-hole pair represented by the two body Michigan sum of three range Yukawa potential (M3Y-P2) and Gogny. The obtained theoretical results had been compared with available experimental data.


Synthesis of Silicone oil and Application on Knit and Woven Cotton Dyed Fabrics PDF

Md. Moyinul Islam, Jiang Huiyu

Silicone oil have wide spread applications in textile dyeing and finishing. In this paper four different samples of Silicone oil softeners were synthesized on the basis of a new recipe with different chemical ratio and each of them used on dyed and white cotton fabrics of knit and woven. Several tests have been done on Silicone oil like ionic surfactant test, solid content test, stability test etc. Although, several tests were done on the Silicone oil treated dyed and white knit and woven fabrics. From the test result of fastness test, color strength test, tensile strength test, Whiteness test etc. it has come out that it increases the fabric softness, flexibility, absorbency, increase abrasion resistance, crease recovery, gives excellent fastness properties etc. It can endow the textiles with soft, fluffy style. Proper stability and durability can reduce the problem of the roller sticky, floating oil. It is colorless and transparent thick liquid and easy to dilute. It has the excellent affinity to all kinds of fabrics including cotton knit fabrics, woven cotton fabrics, jute etc. The overall results come out with great prospect for silicone oil “Sample C” in textile finishing.


Soret effect on unsteady free convection flow of a dusty viscous fluid between two infinite flat parallel plates filled by a porous medium with inclined magnetic field PDF

R.Panneerselvi, P.Moheswari

In this paper, unsteady laminar free convective flow of a dusty viscous fluid through porous medium of non-conducting walls in the presence of inclined magnetic field with volume fraction and heat source is considered. Governing equations are solved by perturbation technique and the results are obtained for fluid and particle velocity, temperature of the dusty fluid at the inclined magnetic field and concentration with various parameters such as t (time), M (Magnetic parameter), Pr (Prandtl number), Gr (Grashof number), S (Heat source parameter), Θ (Inclined magnetic field angle), ε3 (Porous parameter), (Volume fraction of dusty particles), p (Pressure gradient). From these it is observed that increase in inclined magnetic field angle causes the decrease of velocity in the fluid and fluid temperature increases by increase in heat source parameter.


MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF DIARRHEA IN THE PRESENCE OF VACCINE PDF

S.O. Adewale, I.A.Olopade, S.O. Ajao and G.A. Adeniran

We present four (4) compartmental mathematical models (S, V E, I) to study the effect of vaccine and treatment in the dynamical spread of diarrhea in the community. The mathematical analysis shows that the disease free and the endemic equilibrium point of the model exist. The model has disease free equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable (LAS) whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity. i.e. and unstable when . The basic reproduction number which is the average number of new infected individuals generated by a single infectious individual in the population of susceptible, is a very important tool that helps in determining whether the disease persist and become endemic or dies out in the society.


Incorporation of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete PDF

Dr. M.Vijaya Sekhar Reddy, P.Sumalatha, M.Madhuri and K.Ashalatha

Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced by waste glass powder (GP) as 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight for M20mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength at seven and 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. Waste glass when grounded to a very fine powder shows some pozzolanic properties as it contains high SiO2 and therefore to some extent it replaces the cement and contributes for strength development. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste glass powder as partial replacement of fine aggregates up to 30% by weight for particle size of range 0-1.18mm. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass helps in energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement.. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 20%) without substantial change in strength.


Design of a SESLogo Program for Mobile Robot Control PDF

Nwankwo E. Linus, Okolie C. Sampson, Martins J. Gani, and Echegini S. Ngozi

This paper presents a step by step procedure for writing a control program for SES mobile robots. Detailed explanation of APPLIC 37, a microcontroller usually referred to as heart of the robot which receives data or programs, process it and send it to the robot for execution were given. Also the programming software (SESLOGO) which enables the operation of the APPLIC-37 interface and the robot directly is discussed.


A STUDY ON THE CURRENT STATUS AND THE CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR PULSES CULTIVATION IN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) PDF

Malvika Singh

Maharashtra State is the second largest producer of pulses with 3.5 million hectare area under its cultivation. There is a huge yield gap across pulse growing districts in Maharashtra – Akola, Parbhani, Latur, Nanded and Amravati. Certain dis-tricts including Akola and Jalgaon are the major processing and trading hubs. Currently, funds have been allocated for pulse projects under NFSM and State Government projects. Seed production is by the Government bodies. Farmers receive extension of subsidies under Central and State schemes, and are offered minimum support price(MSP). But as there is always a shortage of good quality hybrid seeds, farmers see pulses as a risky crop and hence large areas are not devoted to growing pulses. Extension of subsidies to farmers does not guarantee productivity, which has lead to a situation of anxiety and depression leading to increased number of suicides in the state.


The Impact and Challenges of M- Commerce Adoption on Vijayapur city in Karnataka state INDIA (using online Grocery stores app) PDF

Dr. Vinayak Grampurohit, Mr PRAVEEN P. BADAMI

This study investigates the impact and challenges of the adoption of M-Commerence by Vijapur city in the Karnataka State. A sample size of 50 Local Kirana Store(Grocery), 25 Customers(male) and 25 Customers(female) aged between 20 to 45 were selected in each Street(area) using stratified sampling techniques with the aid of well-structured questionnaires. Googleforms was used to capture the data while frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyze it. In all, 1, 000 copies of the questionnaire were administered to the ten (10) Street area in the different part of Vijayapur city while 890 copies were returned which represents a respondent rate of 89.1%. The result of the findings revealed that the adoption of M- Commerce has a significant impact on cost effectiveness, enhanced availability, low environmental impact, reduced IT complexities, mobility, scalability, increased operability and reduced investment in physical asset However, the major challenges confronting the adoption of M-commerce are data insecurity of Mobile Payments, lack of awareness of online transaction, lack of development of local m-commerce localization apps,even lots of customers spending money on transactions that are somehow related to their mobile devices. This paper concludes by recommending strategies to manage the identified challenges in the study area.


Administration of Data and Big Data PDF

Sami Alosaimi

This paper explains the data and big data. Also, it talks about the difference between all of them and descries all the data processes.


Modified IDS-AODV for prevention of black hole attacks in MANIT PDF

Ajesha Patel, Anurag Jain

Mobile ad hoc network is a self-configuring and decentralizing network which is proficient to structure network dynamically. Due to its dynamic behavior and lack of central authority security becomes the challenging task for this network. In this most of the nodes can get compromised from various types of threats such as worm hole, black hole and denial of service. Black hole attack is a serious threat which inject false route over the network by broadcasting itself as a shortest route. In this work, we use the light-weight versions of symmetric encryption protocols PRESENT and HIGHT because the goal is to provide better security by minimizing the number of computations used for encryption so as to reduce the energy consumption. The simulation of our proposed mechanism is performed in NS-2.34 network simulator and the analysis of proposed mechanism is done using performance measuring metrics like PDR, Throughput, Routing load and End-to End delay. The experimental results of our work outperforms than the other ones.


Use of Blast Furance Slag as a Filler Material in Rural Road Construction PDF

Namrata Verma, Neha Singh, Himanshu Kumar Malviya, Saurabh Jain

These Accumulation of unmanaged industrial solid waste especially in developing countries has resulted in increased environmental concern. Recycling of such wastes as a sustainable construction material appears to be viable solution not only to pollution problem but also an economical option to design of rural road. The present investigation was carried out to propose the use of Blast furnace slag as a filler material in rural road construction. BFS is a by-product generated during manufacturing of pig iron and steel. Waste processed BFS were used in filling material by dry process to get modified mix in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop waste create BFS from this study we came to know that the blast furnace slag an industrial solid waste is very useful material use as filling material in rural road construction.


Determination of lipase production and partial purification from local bacterial and micro algal isolates PDF

Dr. Amna M. Ali, Dr. Neihaya H. Zaki and Dr. Geddaa Al-rubaie

Lipase is enzyme capable of catalyzing and synthesis of esters formed from glycerol and long-chain fatty acids. Many types of microorganisms produce lipase, bacterial and algae lipases are important enzymes applications in various industries. Six bacterial and six algae species were collected from soil and research laboratories in Biology department/ Al- Mustansiriyah University, bacterial isolates identified as (Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus) and algae species as; (Chroococcus minor, Oscillatoria tunuis, Anabeana sp., Chlorella vulgaris, Nostoc sp.,and Chlorella ellipsodea). All bacterial and algae species were screened the ability for lipase production using plate assay and participation method for partial purification. Results showed a significant production of lipase for most of bacterial species, while very little to no inactivation effect for Aromonas hydrophlia, also there were an obvious production of ps alcaligenes and S. marcescens using plate assay method. A significant production for most of algae speices for lipase enzyme while very little to no inactivation effect for Chroococcus minor. Protein participation by using ammonium sulphate applied to purify the enzyme in 75% saturation. Results demonstrated that S. marcescens bacteria and Chlorella ellipsoidea algae were best isolates for extracellular lipase production, and that crud enzyme has less activity than purified enzyme. Isolation and identify the Lipase enzyme production form different local bacterial and algae isolates species has a great effect on involve this enzyme in the scientific application, because of friendly for environment, non-toxic and no harmful residues.


Brain Tumor Detection Using Shape features and Machine Learning Algorithms PDF

Dena Nadir George, Hashem B. Jehlol, Anwer Subhi Abdulhussein Oleiwi

One of the common methods used to detect tumor in the brain is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It gives important information used in the process of scanning the internal structure of the human body in detail. The MR Images classification is not easy task because of the variation and complexity of brain tumors. In the proposed technique, the detecting a brain tumor in the MR Images includes a number of steps are sigma filtering, adaptive threshold and detection region. Numbers of shape features are considered consists Major Axis Length, Euler Number, Minor Axis Length, Solidity, Area and Circularity to extract features for MR Images. The proposed method uses two classifiers depend on supervised techniques; the first classifier was C4.5 decision tree algorithm and the second classifier Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) algorithm. The classifiers are used for the purpose of classification the brain case to the normal or abnormal; the abnormal brain is classified into one type of benign tumor and five type of malignant tumor. Maximum precision of about 95% is achieved by considering 174 samples of brain MR Images and using MLP algorithm.


Misalignment Considerations in Laser Diode to Single Mode Circular Core Dispersion-shifted/Dispersion-flattened Fiber Coupling via Hyperbolic Microlens on the Fiber Tip PDF

Bishuddhananda Das, Tapas Ranjan Middya and Sankar Gangopadhyay

We report the theoretical investigation of the coupling efficiency in presence of possible transverse and angular mismatches in case of laser diode to single-mode circular core dispersion-shifted/dispersion-flattened fiber coupling via hyperbolic microlens on the fiber tip. The study comprises first theoretical investigations of coupling optics involving the said type of coupler in presence of such mismatches. Employing ABCD matrix formalism for refraction of paraxial rays by a hyperbolic microlens on the fiber tip, we formulate analytical expressions for the coupling efficiencies in presence of the said two misalignments. Further, the lens transmitted spot size of the source should be equal to the spot size of the fiber in case of maximum coupling. In this connection, we use Petermann II spot size of the fiber in order to take care of non-Gaussian nature of field of such fibers and to make the prediction of the launch optics more realistic thereby. The investigations are made for two different wavelengths namely 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm in case of some typical dispersion managed optical fibers. Although, our simple method predicts the concerned coupling optics excellently, the evaluation of the concerned efficiencies and associated losses will involve little computations. The results present the relevant coupling efficiencies along with the tolerance with respect to the said kinds of mismatches and as such it will benefit the designers and packagers who are working in the field of optical technology.


Braced tube Structural System: A Review PDF

Hardik J. Patel, Prof. A. R. Darji, PROF. (DR.). K. B. PARIKH

The advanced construction technologies, evolution of efficient structural system, necessity of vertical growth because of scarcity of urban land and rapidly increasing population caused the development of the high rise buildings all over the world. Lateral loads i.e. earthquake loads and wind loads requires special attention in design of high rise buildings along with gravitational loading. Lateral loads can be taken care by interior structural system or exterior structural system. Generally shear wall core, braced frame and their combination with other frames are interior structural systems where lateral load is borne by centrally located structural elements. While framed tube, braced tube structural system bear lateral loads by the elements provided on periphery of the buildings. It is very much important that the selected structural system must be optimized and should utilize structural elements effectively while satisfying design requirements.


Congestion Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using modified acknowledgement with secure channel PDF

Khushboo Sharma, Anurag Jain

The mobile ad hoc network is self-configuring and dynamic in nature. Due to its dynamic topology node can join or leave any time and each node behaves as router or host which can deliver the packets from source to destination. Due to the heavy traffic load over network congestion occur. To avoid the congestion on network various congestion control mechanism has been developed but in this we use modified-ACK based scheme for node authentication in AODV protocol. The simulation of our proposed work is done on network simulator NS-2.34 and comparative analysis of our proposed methodology is done using performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-end delay average jitter and routing load.


The Causes of Complexity in Inventory Management PDF

Abdullah N. Bin Salmah

In this paper, I will discuss the causes of complexity in inventory management and what issues the retailers face when they mange their inventories.


Studying the thermal performance of a Geothermal heat exchanger placed underground the Kirkuk city PDF

Amir Kh. Ali

The project is concerning about studying and experiencing the rate of underground temperature degree variation round the year for Kirkuk city , by burying a plastic heat exchanger in depth about two meters and installing thermometers on different levels of the specific depth in order to read the temperature of each level of the ground ,then allowing a specific quantity of water to flow from an outer source into the heat exchanger while reading the temperature of the water at the inlet and outlet and the heat transfer between the water and the underground soil.


Producing of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Sasobit PDF

Mohamed. S. Ouf, Abdelzaher E. A. Mostafa, Amro ElOufie

Organic additive (Sasobit) is used in order to produce WMA due to its Environmental, economic and paving operations benefits. Adding both Sasobit with cement dust filler (S.C.D.F) and Sasobit with limestone filler (S.L.S.F) to WMA mixture enhanced mix properties. Maximum stability was achieved by adding 20% of (S.C.D.F) which increased stability from 1020 to 2070 Ib and then decreased, while adding 2.5 % of (S.L.S.F) increased stability from 1830 to 2050 Ib and then decreased. The Flow decreased with the increase of (S.C.D.F) and (S.L.S.F) percentages. The total cost of 1 ton of WMA was found 474.55 and 271.94 (L.E/ton) for (20%S.C.D.F) and (2.5%S.L.S.F) respectively, but using (0.5%S.L.S.F) cost 249.68 (L.E/ton) which is almost the same cost of HMA. The percentages in reduction in Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were 14.10, 31.71 and 5.48% respectively at the optimum S.C.D.F, while the reduction percentages were 14.94, 32.91 and 9.86% respectively at the optimum S.L.S.F.


Cloning of dicot gene promoter in expression vector PDF

S. Raza, S. farooqi and H. Mubeen

Genetic engineering involves direct genetic modification of organisms using recombinant DNA technology. The expression of transgenes is regulated by the promoter attached upstream to the gene. The transformation of plants is very important to impart desirable traits. A variety of promoters is necessary at all levels of genetic engineering in plants to regulate gene expression. The plant promoters fall into various categories including constitutive, tissue specific, inducible and differentially regulated. The study was focused on identification and cloning of sucrose synthase gene promoter in modified expression vector pGR1 derived from (pJIT166). The cloned promoters can further be studied for transgene analysis and GUS studies.


Log-mining using machine learning algorithms And Visualization PDF

Mari Kirthima, Praveen Karkada and Gopinath Ramanna

Data is considered to be an asset to any organization, the world has now become more data centric as terabytes of data gets generated every day and moreover the data is highly unstructured and contains all the information, but all of that data is not important for us mining required information from the whole lot is called data mining; similarly some product based companies manufacture handheld devices which runs on different operating system, any application running on the device puts up messages for every event that occurs in the device and those messages are called logs, the log contains all the information such as timestamp, host, type of application, messages etc., mining the required stuff from those logs would help different teams in analyzing and rectifying the problem so that quality of service can be improved, In this paper we propose log mining using the machine learning techniques to perform predictive analysis, correlation analysis, trend analysis on the data set so that a conclusion can be drawn out of the unstructured, voluminous data; But to understand the analytics needs some domain expertise, whereas the summary has to be reported to top level management hence we propose a visualization tool which gives a visual interface to report the summary.


Public Transport .Monitoring and Recommendations Based On GPS Data PDF

Mari Kirthima, Shruthi.J &Praveen Karkada

Transportation has become part of our day-day life; since life originated on earth animals move from one place to other in search of food and shelter, the modern day scenario is such wherein we have different modes of transportation like buses, taxis, trains and planes etc., But monitoring and recommending vehicles is still a challenge. We propose a monitoring and recommendation based on GPS data-set. In metropolitan cities like bengaluru there are more than 5000 buses, it is difficult for a person to find the bus to his desired destination. Because he is unaware of the bus status this can be solved by intimating him about the status with the help of GPS; recommending the bus means informing the passenger about arrival and departure using an algorithm and also informing passengers on board about the location with help of existing bus voice system, in this paper we propose recommendations based on GPS data, handling such big data set is a problem; so we use map-reduce techniques to solve this problem.


Detecting the correct design pattern for enhanced maintainability - MPT PDF

Ashutosh kumar Srivastava

The effect of design patterns on the software maintainability is governed by different factors such as pattern size, prior expertise of the developer with pattern and the most important quality attributes that must achieved by pattern , and before all of these is fitting the pattern to a certain design problem . In the authors have created a decision support tool that helps the developer to choose between three of GoF design patterns and equivalent alternative design solutions, it calculates metrics scores of each solution based on the system size, then it presents where a design solution is getting better than another with respect to several quality attributes.


Cooperative Communication with Uplink Power Control and Cognitive Radio using TV Whitespace Network in Cellular Networks PDF

Geeta Tripathi, Parul Gupta, Shruti Bansal

In a multi user environment, a number of users share the same radio resources. A consequence of the limited availability of radio channels in the network is that the same channel has to be assigned to many users. Thus a signal intended for a certain user will reach other users and introduce interference to their connection, and degrade the quality. Uplink power control is a key radio resource management function. It is typically used to maximize the power of the desired received signals while limiting the generated inter-cell interference. This paper explores a decentralized uplink control algorithm for the users who experience a low signal and call drops stuck in a traffic condition especially in a jam taking into consideration the huge load future cellular networks will encounter. The paper further analyses and explores ways for enhancement and the capability of cellular networks to accommodate the increasing number of networked devices, as we need a rapidly expanding network with optimum utilization of resources. Cognitive radio network is the latest attempt towards achieving this goal. The paper will also explore different techniques to exploit underutilized TV whitespace spectrum for better Quality of Services (QoS) and serving increased number of people especially when a user in a highly congested traffic area moves to a high way area and experiences low signals especially considering the Indian road conditions


The analysis of elution process of high concentrated emulsions from porous media PDF

Piotr Pacholski, Jerzy Sęk

Emulsion flow through porous media is phenomena that is crucial for many processes that occur in chemical technology business. Example can be Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques, soil remediation and treatment of oily wastewater. The flow through porous media is not easy to describe, because of rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions and because of phenomenon's that can occur. As an example during two phase flow: oil and water through porous media it is possible to observe the interception of oil to porous structure as well as filtration of oil in pores. In this study, we tried to examine the influence of oil-in-water emulsion concentration on process of its elution from porous media.


Evaluation of certain microbial pesticides and cy-permethrin against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub-ner) infesting tomato of Manipur valley PDF

M. Suresh Singh, K.I. Singh and B.K. Baruah

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of certain microbial insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in tomato variety, Manikhumnu under the agro-climatic condition of Manipur valley. The results revealed that there were significant reduction of the pest in all insecticidal treatments. Among microbial insecticides tested, Spinosad 2.5 SC @1000ml ha-1 and Somstar-HA @500 ml ha-1 proved most effective in reducing the fruit damage due to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and enhancing productivity in tomato. Both these microbial insecticides stood only next to cypermethrin @1000ml ha-1, which gave the best result with respect to relative efficacy. Bouncer @1000 gm ha-1 and Soldier @1000gm ha-1 proved to be the least effective. Maximum fruit yield (25.03 t/ha) was harvested from the plots treated with Spinosad but, did not differ significantly with that of Somstar-HA (24.83 t/ha) treated plots. The minimum mean fruit yield (20.99 t/ha) was harvested from plots treated with Soldier as against 19.91 t/ha in untreated control. The mean extent of avoidable yield loss was worked out to be 22.59 per cent in the untreated control plots, which reduced to 2.68 to 18.39 per cent in the plots of microbial insecticidal treatments other than cypermethrin in which the avoidable loss has been taken as zero per cent.


MODELLING TREE VOLUME IN TROPICAL RAINFOREST OF AFI RIVER FOREST RESERVE IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA PDF

Aigbe H.I and Ekpa N.E

In this study, volume equations were developed for Afi River Forest Reserve in Cross River State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. The sampling entailed primary, secondary and tertiary sampling units. A total of 611 trees were measured in 10 tertiary sample plots (40m x 50m). Tree identification and detailed growing stock of outside bark diameters at breast height (dbh), base; middle and top, merchantable height and total height were measured for tree species with dbh ≥ 10 cm within the tertiary sampling units. Individual tree basal area and volumes were computed using basal area and Newton’s formulae respectively and extrapolated to per-hectare estimates. The results show that an average number of trees per hectare was 323 (68 species) and the diameter at breast height ranged from 11.10cm to 180.00cm. Volume equations for individual species, all species combined and species group were developed for the forest reserve. Species specific volume equations were developed for tree species with n ≥ 3 to obtain coefficients that serve as basis for grouping the species.


Study of Spawning response of Pleurotus sajor-caju in two different substrates (wheat and rice) PDF

Maibam Kheroda Devi, Banaraj Haobam, Thangjam Inaocha Devi, Wahengbam Nimai Singh, Wahengbam Robindro Singh

The Pleurotus sajor-caju is chosen as the sample for the study because of its availability throughout the year in Manipur and also the people of the state owing to its good taste and nutrition mostly consume them. In wheat, spawn begins to appear after 15-16 days whereas the spawn started to appear after 18-19 days when rice was used as a substrate. Wheat seems to produce more spawn in a shorter period of time than rice. Therefore wheat seems to be the more appropriate substrate for the commercial production of spawn. However because of high contamination rate and difficulty in the preparation of substrate in case of wheat, rice can be considered as a better option. Also in the context of Manipur rice being the staple diet is available in abundance and at low price throughout the year. Therefore rice will be the better option as far as commercial production of spawn is concerned .We can conclude that Pleurotus spawn can be easily produced using rice as a substrate and allow farmers for the mushroom cultivation throughout the year thus helping in food availability.


Breast Cancer Recognition using Association Rules and Optimized Support Vector Machine PDF

Sharafeddin Toumajpour, Abolfazl Ebrahimi

Breast cancer is an occurrence of malignant neoplasm within human female breast tissue. Breast cancer is the most prominent known killer of women between the ages of 35 and 54 and males are also sometimes diagnosed with breast cancer. Effective diagnosis of breast cancer remains a major challenge and early diagnosis is extremely important in helping prevent the most serious manifestations of the disease. In this paper a hybrid system is proposed to early and accurate breast cancer detection. The proposed system is based on association rules (AR) and support vector machine (SVM). In the proposed method, AR is used for reducing the dimension of breast cancer database and SVM is used for intelligent classification. This has been confirmed Gaussian radial basis function (GRBF) has better performance among other kernel functions. In SVM with GRBF kernel function, the kernel width has very important roles for its accuracy. For this purpose, we used particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to find the optimal value of kernel width. To evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid system (AR+SVM+PSO), we used Wisconsin breast cancer database (WBCD). The simulation results show that the proposed system has excellent performance in breast cancer detection.


ECG Data Classification Using Clustering Algo-rithm and MLP Neural Network PDF

Sharafeddin Toumajpour, Bahram Mohamad Maghsoudi

Electrocardiogram (ECG) which reveals the rhythm and function of the heart is an important non-invasive clinical tool for cardiologists to diagnose various heart diseases. The objective of this paper is to diagnose ECG arrhythmia classification based on the extracted features. Feature extraction and selection are critical to the quality of classifiers founded through data mining methods. To extract useful information and diagnose the ECG arrhythmia, a hybrid of clustering algorithm and multi layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network is developed. In clustering section, we used hybrid evolutionary optimization algorithm based on combining modify imperialist competitive algorithm (MICA) and K-means (K), which is called K-MICA. In the clustering section, the input data is first clustered by a K-MICA. Then the Euclidean distance of each ECG signal is computed from the determined clusters. These Euclidean distances of ECG signals are used as input of MLP neural network. In the test stage, 10-fold cross validation method has been applied to the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database for evaluating the capability of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the proposed method has high recognition accuracy.


Digital Image Watermarking: A Study on Techniques & Issues PDF

Jobin Abraham

Digital data can be easily copied and modified to create duplicate copies. These modified images are then redistributed through the Internet. As these illegal activities are becoming more and more common, mechanisms to protect digital resources are in high demand. Watermarking is an effective method for restricting abuses of published digital contents and to protect ownership rights of the owner. However, while watermarking, special care should be taken not to affect the visual quality of the host image. At the same time it must be reasonably robust and able to withstand illegal watermark removal attempts. This paper presents a study on watermarking techniques and associated issues.


An efficient caching technique for wireless sensor network based on Clustering and data aggregation PDF

Mohammed A. Mohammed, Ahmed I. Saleh, Mohammed F. Al Rahmawy

Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) are used nowadays on a large scale for the low cost and efficiency in building many applications. These networks have limited resources i.e limited memory, battery power (energy) and insufficient bandwidth these limitations make these networks suffer from many problems e.g non data availability and accessibility, long latency and frequent network failure. Several techniques exit to overcome these problems and to increase the efficiency. One of these techniques is the cooperative caching for sensed data; this is a significant process to store the frequently accessed data items in the WSNs. This paper Suggests a novel technique for caching data in wireless network called Caching Group Scheme (CGS) that is based on cooperative caching to cache data. The simulation results show that this new technique is more efficient than other existing techniques in terms of byte hit ratio, time to query response (latency) and energy consumption .


RATE OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN BODY WEIGHT COMPONENT AND REALIZED HERITABILITY OF MINERAL COMPOSITION OF BREAST MEAT IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Cotunix coturnix japonica) PDF

J. KAYE, G.N. AKPA, I.A. ADEYINKA, B.I. NWAGU

A study was conducted to determine genetic improvement in carcass traits, body weight, shank length and realized h2 of mineral composition in meat portion of Japanese quail in Northern zone of Nigeria. Seven hundred and eighty four (830) chicks of 14 days of age were used and Data obtained were subjected to analyses of variance and realized heritability calculated as appropriate from the following: to determine live body weight, carcass traits in generations and sex, body weight gain and increase in shank length, live body length, carcass traits, weight gain, realized h2 of body weight, carcass weight, carcass weight part, shank length, and minerals composition in breast meat of Japanese quail. The result shows that the live body weight and carcass trait significantly affects the generations and sex of birds. Live body weight and carcass traits in first generation are lower than base and second generation. The body weight gain and shank length increases at day 35, 42, 49 and 56 in sex of Japanese quail. The realized h2 of body weight and percentage carcass weight and parts of the traits in Japanese quail shows high h2 (0.40-0.83) and moderate h2 (0.20-0.40). The h2 for body weight and shank length for the traits are high (0.40-0.99) and moderate (0.20-0.40). The realized h2 of minerals composition in breast meat of the Japanese quail also shows high h2 (0.46-0.83) in most of the traits and moderate h2 in calcium (0.20) for male and low h2 also in phosphorus for males (0.17) and combined sex (0.13). The moderate to high realized h2 observation indicates that response to selection for high body weight affects the traits therefore response could be rapid while low h2 implies that response to selection could be slow therefore response to selection is slow.


A Survey on the Availability of TV White Spaces in Eastern Nigeria (FUT Owerri, As Case Study) PDF

E. E. Atimati, L. S. Ezema, G. N. Ezeh, U. C. Iwuchukwu, C. K. Agubor

Effective utilization of future wireless communication systems such as the TV White spaces depend largely on the availability of free unused spectrum within the 470 – 860MHz UHF band. The paper, analyses the effectiveness of TV White space for last mile delivery of broadband based on spectral availability. The survey was carried out on a spectral range of 470 – 870MHz within the study area, using a RF spectrum analyser and the readings were presented using graph plots through the aid of Touchstone PC spectrum analyser. Fixed measurement was adopted and two (2) sites were chosen to take measurement. The results revealed that, 64% of the 50 channels surveyed were dormant. The degree of occupancy was found to be very low, thus providing for unused spectra spaces within the UHF frequency band which can be used to provide broadband services in sparsely populated rural areas; where data rate could be compromised for range at zero or low cost for acquiring operating spectral license.


Active Power Management Using Embedded Systems Technology: A Case Study of Power Automation System of Orpheus Communications PDF

Ayoade Adetunji

This work is focused on monitoring and management of industrial or household electrical power facility through automation using Enhanced RISC microcontrollers and electronic sensors hereby reducing power expenditure and increasing energy efficiency.


Replacement Of Mercury With Gallium Alloy In Dental Fills PDF

Dr. Haydar H. J. Jamal Al-Deen, Sura Ali Shahee

The purpose of this research is to study The replacement of mercury with gallium in dental fills and study of mechanical properties (compression strength, creep, dimensional change, and hardness) and corrosion resistance of dental fills through the use of three types of gallium alloys, which is (Ga- In, Ga- Sn, Ga- In -Sn) and mixed with standard alloy powder (Ardent) and formation of gallium fills. The specimens prepared and tested according to ADA specification No. 1 and kept at 37±1 Cº. The new alloy has been casted composed of (Ag, Cu, Sn, Zn) for the purpose of improving the properties and especially the dimensional change property where using of liquid (Ga - Sn) because has the best result of the change in dimensions compared with other liquids. All mechanical properties of dental fills were satisfactory as compared to dental amalgam except dimensional change property which was much higher than the allowable limit, The corrosion potential shifting to positive direction, corrosion rate less than amalgam, and the passivation state seem in gallium alloy and did not appear in the amalgam.


A Survey on Lung Nodule Detection in CT-Images PDF

Minu George, Gopika S

Early detection of lung cancer nodules can helps the doctors to treat patients and keep them alive. One of the effective methods to detect the lung cancer is using Computed Tomography (CT) images.


Integrated Cellular and Ad Hoc Relaying Systems: Analysis of Call Blocking Probability & Performance PDF

Nazmul Hossain, Md. Alam Hossain

iCAR is a modern wireless technology. It is based on dividing the network area into some cells (areas) and integrating the cells. In iCAR, Ad-hoc networks are dynamically distributed and self-organized cellular systems. It allows internetwork communication between the topologies without infrastructure. The main purpose of iCAR is to present new architectures to address congestion in cellular systems due to unbalanced traffic. It can effectively increase system’s capacity and also can add interoperability between different networks. Here, we try to analyze whether the increasing traffic loads between the internetworking cells and limited capacity of the systems can be effectively balanced by the new architectures or not. We also interrogate how limited number of ARS stations is used for balancing congestion. We also evaluate the performance of iCAR in terms of ARS coverage.


Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Stacked Microstrip Yagi Antenna for Wi-Fi Applications PDF

Nancy, Ekambir Sidhu

This paper presents design and performance analysis of the stacked microstrip Yagi antenna.The proposed antenna design employs four substrates of FR4 material, each having a thickness of 1.62 mm and dielectric constant ( ) of 4.4. In proposed antenna design, aperture coupled feeding has been used to feed power to the antenna. In the proposed antenna design, the ground, feedline, parasitic and driven elements have been stacked together to form a stacked microstrip Yagi antenna. The design and simulation of antenna has been carried out using CST microwave studio (2014) software. The proposed Yagi antenna design has been analyzed in terms of resonant frequency. Return loss (S11), VSWR, gain and percentage bandwidth. It has been observed that the stacked Yagi antenna is resonant at 5.2 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 836 MHz covering the frequency range of 5 GHz- 5.84 GHz. The return loss (S11) magnitude of -41 dB at resonant frequency of 5.2 GHz has been observed and the antenna has a gain of 10.04 dB. The antenna has directivity of 9.95 dBi and percentage bandwidth of 8.4 percent. The fabrication process of simulated antenna has been carried out. Finally, the fabricated antenna has been successfully tested for return loss (S11) using network analyzer ES5071C-ENA. Both the simulation and experimental results are compared and examined. It has been observed that the proposed antenna can be used for Wi-Fi applications.


A Survey on Security and Through-Put Relay in Mobile Mesh Networks PDF

Srinivasan.J,Dr.Audithan.S

Networks composed of mobile nodes inherently suffer from intermittent connections and high delays. Performance can be improved by adding supporting infrastructure, including base stations, meshes, and relays, but the cost-performance trade-offs of different designs is poorly understood. To examine these trade-offs, we have deployed a large-scale vehicular network. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are ideal for situations where a fixed infrastructure is unavailable or infeasible. Today’s MANETs, however, may suffer from network partitioning. This limitation makes MANETs unsuitable for applications such as crisis management and battlefield communications..A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamically arrangement of wireless Mobile nodes, communicate directly or using intermediate nodes without any predefined infrastructures. In the absence of any predefined infrastructures in networks become vulnerable to number of attacks and high level security becomes a major issue. In this survey paper, we first discuss about the introduction to Mobile Ad hoc network. The second section discusses the weaknesses or vulnerabilities in Mobile Ad hoc network. The third section discusses the types of attack in Mobile Ad hoc network. The fourth section discusses about a new class of ad-hoc network called Autonomous Mobile Mesh Network (AMMNET) for Through-put Relay. Finally the last section discusses about the simulation results of AMMNET proves robust against network partitioning and capable of providing high relay throughput for the mobile clients.


Effect of control valve plug shape on the fluid flow characteristics using computational fluid dynamics PDF

Dr.Hassan Elgamal, Dr.Akram Zeid and Eng.Yasser Abdel Mohsen

The flow passing through control valve may cause vibrations. This flow induced according to geometric and flow condition. The exciting force acting on the plug changes according to the plug geometry. To reduce this kind of vibration the optimum geometrical shape must be chosen for minimum hydrodynamic force. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the best plug geometry generating a minimum exciting force for the incompressible flow passing through a selected control valve by solving Navier-stokes equations. The present analysis is performed by applying the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, to obtain a solution for the three dimensional turbulent flow passing through a control valve having different plug geometries.


Retransmission Scheme for Voice , Data and Video using Voice Cell Jitter and Delay in ATM Networks PDF

P. Rajan, Dr.Arul Lawrence Selvakumar

Multimedia is characterized by busty traffic and of fen stringent real time constraint multimedia traffic requires quality of service guarantees. This gives rise to traffic management issues in order to obtain high network utilization and qos guarantee to the multimedia stream. The aim of this article is to prevent an overview of the traffic management issues and their possible solutions for retransmission of multimedia over asynchronous transfer mode networks.


Active Power Management Using Embedded Systems Technology: A Case Study of Power Automation System of Orpheus Communications PDF

Ayoade Adetunji

This work is focused on monitoring and management of industrial or household electrical power facility through automation using Enhanced RISC microcontrollers and electronic sensors hereby reducing power expenditure and increasing energy efficiency.


A Review Paper on FEA Application for Sheet Metal forming analysis PDF

Mr. Marlapalle Bapurao G, Prof. Dr. Rahulkumar S. Hingole

Finite element method (FEM) is used for simulating complex intricate shapes of industrial sheet forming operation. Effective physical parameters, as well as numerical solution, influence parameters of this phenomenon and its numerical prediction of results. In this review, the applications of FEM for analyzing various parameters such as blank Thickness, blank holding force, Material, coefficient of Friction on specimens of materials are discussed.The numerical results are found from literature survey to be in good agreement withthe experimental results and accurate thinning distributionshad been predict.The importance of sheet metal working process in modern technology is due to the ease with whichmetal may be formed into useful shapes by plastic stage deformation process in which the volume and mass ofmetal are conserved and metal is only displaced from one position to another.


OPTIMIZED TIO2-CATALYSED UV OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION OF REACTIVE BLUE 13 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING BOX BEHNKEN DESIGN PDF

DAUDA BENJAMIN, BARDE ABRAHAM

A photo catalytic degradation of the dye is C.I. reactive black 5 (a mono azo organic colorant) was performed in aqueous solution using TiO2 as photocatalyst under UV irradiation in a laboratory scale photoreactor;. A suitable surface response experimental design, Box Behnken design, which allows adjustment of factors level to obtain an optimal response, hence, optimize process parameters in experimental analysis, was used for the optimization of colour removal. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to assess the absorbance of the sample solutions before and after the photocatalytic decomposition. The results for the optimization revealed that the best conditions for decolorization is as follows: initial dye concentration 12.04 mg/L, catalyst loading 1.68 g/L, pH of 3.10 and irradiation time of 85.57 min. Under these optimal conditions, the corresponding response value predicted for dye decolorizatiom was 99.06% , which was confirmed by validation experiments. Therefore, UV/TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of reactive mono dyes in aqueous solutions using Box Beckhen design has been proven to be a very viable technique for the treatment of organic colorants (specifically, reactive mono azo dyes) in aqua media since it is multivariate in approach and so allows adjustment of factor level to obtain an optimal response in experimental analysis.


Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for colour removal from synthetic dye wastewater using natural organic polymers: Response surface methodology applied PDF

Obiora-Okafo I.A, Onukwuli O.D

In this study, performance of natural polymer coagulants; Vigna unguiculata coagulant (VUC), Telfairia occidentalis coagulant (TOC), Brachystegia eurycoma coagulant (BEC), Vigna subterranean coagulant (VSC) and Moringa oleifera coagulant (MOC) for colour removal from crystal Ponceau 6R dye were investigated. For this purpose, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize four variables of the coagulation-flocculation process including pH, coagulant dosage, dye concentration and time. The results demonstrated that the decrease of pH was highly beneficial for enhancing colour removal and no re-stabilization occurred even at the maximum coagulant dosages used. It seems as the functional groups of the acid dyes are anionic, hydrolyses products of the organic biopolymer can neutralize the negative charges on dye molecules followed by polymer adsorption. Charge neutralization, sweep flocculation and polymer adsorption played a predominant role in the coagulation-flocculation process due to optimum pH and dosing values. The maximum colour removal efficiency obtained from the optimization analysis was 97.73%, 99.05%, 98.09%, 99.09% and 99.05%, for VUC, TOC, BEC, VSC and MOC, respectively. Optimal condition of pH 2, coagulant dosage 1000mg/l, dye concentration 20mg/l and time 420min was obtained from the compromise of the desirable responses. The verification experiments demonstrated a good agreement between experimental data and model values. The overlay contour plots show that multiple response optimization tool could be used to establish an optimum condition for multiple (five) responses. The response surface methodological approach was appropriate for optimizing the coagulation-flocculation process while minimizing the number of required experiments. Coagulants studied should be considered as an appropriate alternative for conventional coagulants that are widely used in dye wastewater treatment plants.


Noise Estimation and Reduction to improve Image Quality in Singly Image PDF

Tarun Pare, Aditya Sinha, Lokesh Malviya, Dr Satya Ranjan Patra

Noise is major issue observed during the image processing in image processing applications. These noise levels have to be predicted and after estimation get it reduced to certain maximum declined level. We can’t be completely structure noise free image but we can improve the quality of image by estimating those noise. The proposed approach is an innovative way to estimate and remove the noise which found through observation during the processing of image. Principal component analysis (PCA) approach is followed to remove the noise by estimating it, this can be done by following one of the statistical technique which is frequently used in signal processing for data dimension reduction or for the data correlation. In principal component analysis image blocks were rearranged into vector and compute the covariance matrix of this vector. Then by selecting the covariance matrix eigen values which corresponds only to noise. With the help the average of the eigen values we can be able to estimate the noise present in the image , for estimation of noise in image we just take a partial region of the image so that it will be convenient for us to reduce it by using the denoise function .


Working Environment and Productivity PDF

Talal Albaqami

In this article, the discussion is on how to make such a healthy workplace to get maximum positive results. Around three years of research was served on bridging the connections between working environment and productivity. Having main focus on working environment and productivity, this article showing the strong and significant keys on the same. Data was collected from both the parties i.e. the employer and the employees, in sequence to analyze the gaps between the thoughts and the causes behind them.


Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR and DYMO) in MANET Considering Mobility Factor PDF

Md. Niaz Imtiaz, Md. Mohidul Hasan, Md. Imran Ali , 4 Md. Mostak Shaikh

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network, and is a self configuring network of mobile routers connected by wireless links. MANET is a wireless network without any infrastructure. Therefore routing discovery and maintenance are critical issues in these networks. The main goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to establish correct and efficient route between a pair of mobile nodes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare four well known routing protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR and DYMO) by using performance metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) ,average end to end delay ,mean jitter and packet loss ratio considering mobility factor . A comparative analysis of how mobility of nodes affects the performance of protocols is given in this paper. From the analysis we have drawn a conclusion, which protocol works well in stable condition and which protocol works well when the nodes are highly mobile.


CFD Simulation and Validation on Rural Residential Buildings with Mud blocks for Sustainable Development PDF

M.Nadarajan, Dr.V.Kirubakaran

Energy performance of social housing plays an important role in sustainable development of the built environment. Nowadays building energy simulation, a calculation method of energy consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, is being adapted to the design of sustainable low energy buildings. Sustainable building design consists of methods to develop the built environment while meeting the purpose of sustainable development. Many sustainable building materials that are both environmental friendly and also elegant are available. Mud brick and poured earth construction techniques are few options. Earth has always been the most widely used material for building in India and is a part of its culture. We performed CFD simulation on a model house constructed with mud blocks, which was naturally ventilated. The thermal behaviour of building walls constructed with mud block has been analysed using Thermal Imager. It is suggested that the mud block is a sustainable building material and they prevent maximum heat transfer into the walls and keep the house self cooling.


Manufacturing of AA2024 Composite reinforced with alumina nanoparticles using Semisolid Casting PDF

Wael Hoziefa, Amir A. Mahdy, M.M.Z. Ahmed, I. El-Mahallawi, A. Atlam

In this study Al2024/ Al2O3 nanocomposite was manufactured by rheocasting technique in semisolid state. Al 2024 was used as a matrix alloy and 50 nm Al2O3 particles were used as reinforcement. To evualte microstructural evolution of manufactured nanocomposite, AA 2024 alloy was cast in same manner. The microstructures were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the effect of alumina nanoparticles on microstructure. Microhardness revealed that the semi-solid state processing does not allow obtaining an even dispersion of nanoparticles within the matrix. Casting defects associated with low particle wettability (porosities and particle agglomeration), leading to an enhanced exploitation of nanoparticles strengthening effect.


Parallelization approaches for the simulation of large-scale multibody systems PDF

M. Klöppel, M. Flehmig, A. Naumann, M. Walther, V. Waurich, J. Wensch

Virtual prototyping plays an important role in the engineering disciplines. The possibility to model and simulate prototypes on a computer instead of building real-world ones saves time and money. Nowadays, engineers can rely on special tools like object-oriented modeling languages, e.g., Modelica, to describe their models. These models can be automatically processed and simulated using standard Differential Algebraic Equation (DAE) solvers. The advantage of this approach is that the practitioners can concentrate themselves on modeling, whereas the numerical intricacies of the simulation are handled by the software. The disadvantage is that such simulations are usually slower than implementations which are parallelized and optimized by hand. In this contribution, we concentrate on the widely used simulation software OpenModelica, which is open source and thus appropriate to evaluate several parallelization approaches.The implemented methods are demonstrated on engineering examples.


Dimensional Comparison of Parallel-Hole type Collimator PDF

Nikhat Shaikh, Jyoti Warrier, Sadhana Bhattacharya

Nuclear medicine involves the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient and then camera is rotated around the whole body for capturing radiations. The detection of high energy rays such as x-rays or gamma, we need highly precise & efficient detectors so that maximum information can be obtained by either using in vitro radioactive source (as in X-rays) or by in vivo radioactive source (such as in PET, SPCET). There are many studies done for improving the sensitivity and resolution of gamma camera. In this paper, parameters of parallel-hole type collimator (used in gamma camera) are evaluated. The resolution and sensitivity variations are calculated with respect to the dimensional properties of collimator is described. The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of circular, hexagonal & square holes parallel-type collimators based on various dimensional properties.


Analysis of Locally Fabricated Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrator System at Obafeni Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Region for Thermal Energy Applications PDF

Erinosho K. D., Anozie A. N., Odejobi O. J., Braimah M. N. and Ogunmola E. D.

Performance evaluation of a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) efficiently utilized for water heating in a natural climate condition was investigated in the present work. The fabrication and design of (PTSC) were done with a combination of reflector surface, reflector support, absorber pipe and wooden stand. The absorber pipe painted black while the trough manually operated. The flow of water in the system follows the recycling process repeated during data acquisition between 10.30 to 16.00 h. The collector design parameters are; focal distance of 0.115 m, width of 0.56 m, 2.44 m length of the collector and collector depth of 0.110 m. The parametric study of the PTSC was investigated based on the effect of variation of mass flow rate of water by using equation m=v/t, solar intensity was measured using general solar power meter DBTU1300 and water inlet and outlet temperature by using a thermometer. The temperature of water in the storage tank increased from 30 °C at 10.30 h to 65 °C at 16.00 h. The total heat gain by the coated metallic receiver found to be 772.8 W and the most heat losses occur through storage tank. The average thermal efficiency of the collector is approximately 30%. The total radiation during the collection ranges between 561 and 721 W/m2. The results of the performance of collector showed that the maximum outlet water temperature attained was 72 oC that is acceptable for pasteurization of water. This show that fabricated PTSC is suitable for hot water processing. The useful heat gain and the collector efficiency found to follow the variation of incident beam radiation, which is strongly influenced by the incident beam radiation. The value of each parameter observed is higher around noon, when the incident beam radiation is at maximum.


Effect of Wood Ash Waste from Black Soap-making on Heavy Metals in Leaf Amaranth, Cowpea and Maize PDF

O.J. Ayodele, O. S. Shittu

The production of lye needed for black soap-making leaves large quantities of leached wood ash as waste. This waste has piled up on 0.4 ha land during a 50-year period of operation at a facility in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. The impact of this long-term ash deposit on heavy metal content was measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 75, 105 and 150 m from the waste pile and compared to a control sample. Four-week top-growths of maize, cowpea and leaf amaranth in the soil samples were harvested, oven-dried and analyzed for heavy metals. Fe was the most abundant metal in the soils. Pb, Ni, Co and Cu were highest at 0 m and decreased with distance from the ash waste pile but all metals showed accumulation at the valley bottom (150 m). Enrichment Factor was highest for Cu, Ni and Pb at 0 m and decreased with distance. The Contamination Factor was highest for Co, Cu, Ni and Pb at 0 m and decreased farther from the ash waste pile while the Pollution Load Index exceeded 1.0 at 0 m only. Cowpea shoot Ni and Pb contents increased with distance from the ash waste pile; leaf amaranth Co, Cu and Pb content decreased and Ni increased from 0 to 30 m while maize Co and Cu content increased. Transfer Factors were high for Co at all distances, low for Cu, Ni and Pb at 0 m and high with distance in leaf amaranth; high for Co at all distances, low for Pb at 75 and 150 m in maize; and high for Cu at 15 m and Pb at 0 m in cowpea.


A Method for Detecting Transient Respiratory Disturbances Using Quadratic Transformations PDF

Azeemsha Thacham Poyil, Hedi Khammari

The paper suggests an improved method for diagnosing of transient respiratory disturbances by analyzing the respiratory signals using quadratic time-frequency transformation techniques. Wigner Ville Distribution (WVD) is a good method for analyzing non-stationary signals since it gives a good time-frequency resolution compared to many other time-frequency representations. The time marginal of Wigner Ville Distribution can be used for detecting the presence of transient and non-stationary signals. In this work, a cross-term reduced WVD was used for detecting abnormal respiratory disturbances. An adaptive-kernel based ambiguity domain filtering was used to remove the cross-terms in Wigner Ville Distribution. Transient detection algorithms were implemented using cross-term reduced Wigner Ville Distribution and the results were compared with that of Short Time Fourier Transform based methods. The respiratory signals are collected from 5 different test subjects using National Instruments data acquisition devices. The collected signals were then passed through the detection algorithms for testing the performance of the methods. The results from the experiments suggest that the improved Wigner Ville Distribution could be used to detect the transient respiratory disturbances in a better way as compared to the algorithms using STFT, and this can be used in diagnosis of respiratory disturbances.


Review Article: Nickel Aluminium Ferrites PDF

H. S. Singh, Neha Sangwa and Richa Chauhan

Ferrites are technologically useful materials due to their unique electric, dielectric and magnetic properties. Nickel ferrites and substituted nickel ferrites are one of the most attractive classes of materials for researchers. Present paper covers the characterization results of Nickel-Aluminium ferrites using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), MÓ§ssbauer spectroscopy and LCR-meter. The preparation of Nickel Aluminium ferrites using many available methods of preparation and comparison of results of such studies is need of the present day. This data helps in providing interesting and useful study for application of Nickel Aluminium ferrites.


A Review on Various Scheduling Algorithms PDF

Saraswathi Seemakuthi, Venkat Alekhya.Siriki, Dr. E.Laxmi Lydia

This research paper describes about scheduling, scheduler, classification of scheduling, main purpose of scheduling and various scheduling algorithms such as first come first serve scheduling algorithm, shortest-job-first scheduling algorithm, priority scheduling algorithm, round robin scheduling algorithm, multilevel-queue scheduling algorithm, multilevel feedback queue scheduling algorithms. This research paper describes how these algorithms are implemented, with the parameters such as average waiting time and average turnaround time, Gantt chart and how average waiting time and average turnaround time are calculated, merits and demerits of the scheduling algorithms.


Vein Detection System using Infrared Light PDF

Mayur Wadhwani, Abhinandan Deepak Sharma, Aditi Pillai, Nikita Pisal, Dr. Mita Bhowmick

The process of obtaining intravenous (IV) access, Venipuncture, is an everyday invasive procedure in medical settings and there are more than one billion venipuncture related procedures like blood draws, peripheral catheter insertions, intraven-ous therapies, etc. performed per year [3]. Excessive venipunctures are both time and resource consuming events causing anxie-ty, pain and distress in patients, or can lead to severe harmful injuries [8]. The major problem faced by the doctors today is diffi-culty in accessing veins for intra-venous drug delivery & other medical situations [3]. There is a need to develop vein detection devices which can clearly show veins. This project deals with the design development of non-invasive subcutaneous vein detec-tion system and is implemented based on near infrared imaging and interfaced to a laptop to make it portable. A customized CCD camera is used for capturing the vein images and Computer Software modules (MATLAB & LabVIEW) is used for the processing [3].


Stability Impact of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Plant on the Distribution Network PDF

Titus O. Ajewole, Olufisayo S. Babalola, Michael O. Omoigui

This paper investigates the impact of grid-tied photovoltaic plant on the stability level of the host distribution network. Using simulation model of a grid -connected photovoltaic power system, the response of the distribution sub-system to a test fault experimented on the plant was examined. The behavoural waveforms obtained at three locations across the system reveal the resulting current variations and voltage colapse margins on the network. Subsequent to the removal of the fault however, normal operation was regained by the network, with all the line variables smoothly settled at their initial pre-fault values.


EFFECTS OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SUNFLOWER MEAL AND FIBRE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS PDF

S. Raza, M. Ashraf, T.N. Pasha, F. Latif, H. Mubeen, N. Hussain and S. Farooqi

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of multi enzyme. For this purpose, eight isonitrogenous starter and finisher rations were formulated. Eight isonitrogenous chick rations were prepared using levels of SFM 0, 5, 10 and 15% and 4, 5, 6 and 7 FL respectively without enzyme supplementation designated as A, B, C and D and with NIBGE enzyme (one litre enzyme per hundred kg feed) supplementation designated as E, F, G and H (containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% and SFM and 4, 5, 6 and 7% FL respectively). Three hundred and twenty-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 32 experimental units (replicates) of 10 chicks each. Standard environmental conditions were maintained to rear the birds. There was non-significant difference among rations in respect of feed consumption, highly significant difference in respect of weight gain and significant difference in respect of feed conversion ratio. There was non-significant difference in respect of feed consumption, highly significant difference in respect of weight gain and highly significant difference in respect of FCR among rations and there was highly significant difference in respect of dressing percentage. The results suggest that enzyme had reduced the fibre contents of SFM and had increased the bioavailability of ME from treated SFM. It was reflected in terms of better weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage.


Detecting Warm Affected Internal Systems Through Back-door Messages PDF

B. Sivaiah, S. Lavanya, N. Murali Krishna, Prasad Challa

Hardware equipments which are also known as external devices are becoming more complicated because they are acting as mediator between threats and our Pc’s. Different types of security attacks are cause of these external devices only. These external devices are also referred as compromised machines. Some main attacks they are causing is malware spreading and spamming, using identity and also DDoS. Attackers are capable of getting key economic incentive with the help of spamming. This leads to get huge compromised machines count. Here we are intended to detect the number of compromised machines that are becoming initiative to spamming operations in a network. Such operation is also known as spam zombies. Here we introduced a detection system to find out spam zombie operations known as SPOT. These SPOT continuously used to keep eye on data transactions that the messages which are transmitting outside of a network. Based upon Sequential Probability Ratio Test SPOT was developed. It is an effective statistical tool. The operations of this tool are to find out positive and as well as false negative error rates in a network. Based upon our researches and test study cases proven that SPOT is a perfect and extraordinary in detecting compromised machines which are intended to do zombie operations in a network automatically. Moreover, SPOT is capable of detecting 95% of compromised machines out of 100. That means accurately it can detect almost every spamming activity compromised machines. When compared to various spam zombie detection algorithms SPOT performance is unique. Because rest of them are based upon number and percentage of messages which are spammed. But SPOT uses a statistical too to detect zombie operations. So out of various spam detecting algorithms SPOT has a unique nature that keeps it out standing in detecting spam zombies. Working and operations wont effect network’s efficiency or any security breaches like identity.


CORRELATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN FDI AND GDP IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA PDF

Elsana Aqifi

The entry of FDI in the country brings with it a number of effects on the host countries, starting from the local workforce through increased employment opportunities, higher wages by foreign companies; the effect of the transfer of resources, where foreign firms can contribute by providing capital, technology and management; effects on trade and balance of payments, where the balance of payments benefits from any capital inflow and FDI increases competition in the country forcing domestic companies to bring better quality products and services as well as technology and more efficient administration.


Investigation and Improving of Call Admission Control and Load Estimation in WCDMA system PDF

Md. Khairul Islam, Dr. M. Mahbubur Rahman, M. Amzad Hossain, Dr. Tapan Kumar Godder, Md. Sipon Miah

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is interference limited multiple access technique. It is widely used in the 3rd generation mobile networks like UMTS. When a new call arrives in the system to get admission, it checks whether the call is admitted or not based on some parameters like signal to interference ratio (SIR), transmission power of the Radio Access Network (RAN) and the air interface load .The maximum capacity of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) depends on the current interference in the system. Admitting new call and user movement increase the interference level. However, high interference causes the system degradation of quality of service (QoS). Therefore robust call admission control and load estimation is needed. In this paper, we have investigated the wideband interference based call admission control that is much better to block the access of a user to the network than having to drop already active users. Such decisions are made by the admission control routine. Simulation results show that new user is admitted into the system if the total interference is less than threshold noise otherwise the user is rejected. Also throughput rate is increased within threshold limit of noise rise with power decreased and improving the blocking probability and dropping probability. Adaptive call admission control is combination of WPB and TB CAC that provides lower probability of call blocking and call dropping than WPB and TB CAC. Therefore ACAC is the best CAC algorithm that provides most efficient and best quality of services.


Determination of Rainwater Quality from Different Roof Materials Common in the Makurdi Area PDF

Iyidiobu, B.N. and Omale, P.A.

In recent times, it has been reported that there is a clear correlation between the incidence of water borne diseases and the consumption of harvested rooftop rainwater. While farming practices and other factors may be adding to this problem, it will be helpful to alleviate the contribution of rooftop harvested rainwater. But an understanding of the initial level and nature of contamination of a quantity of rooftop rainwater is crucial to its satisfactory treatment. Since this initial information which varies from place to place, is not locally available for the Makurdi area, this work has provided that. Secondly, it is a surprise that the treatment of rainwater related health problems has been confounded by indigenously popular assumptions that additional treatment may not be required as long as a simple rainwater harvesting system is employed in making collections from new roofs. To address these two problems, experiments were done to examine rainwater harvested from nine rooftop types in three general locations: North-bank, Low-level and Logo 1 area. (each comprising sub locations). The results of this study showed that only rainwater harvested from two specific types of rooftops can be safely consumed without treatment. Doing same with other types of rooftops entailed varying levels of risks.


A Load Flow Study in European Super Grid Using High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC), High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) PDF

Muhammad Adnan, Adeel Israr, Adnan Khan, Muhammad Irfan

The effective solution for the bulk power transmission to a larger distance is only possible with the utilization of the three technologies. Firstly, High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) which gives us fewer losses in order to cover larger distances. Secondly High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Voltage Source Convertor (VSC) which converts the AC Power into DC power and which provide better active and reactive power compensations during transmission of an electrical power to a large distance. Third one is the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) which is actually the combination of series and shunt convertors and can provide better voltage and power stability, and allow the electrical power to be transmitted to a larger distance with fewer losses as compared to simple AC transmission lines. The main idea behind this research is the Load Flow model implementation of the future European super grid technology, using High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC), High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) using voltage source convertors (VSC), and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system), and then compare these models with one another in order to prove different facts which will lead us to the conclusion than instead of using Ultra-High Voltage AC we can used Ultra-High Voltage DC as an effective solution for bulk power transmission (Active Power) especially of Renewable energy for Covering larger distances. This Research work also Summarizes an overall picture of the European Super Grid Technology which will be completely implemented in a Practical way in 2050 and which will used these above technologies in order to provide a secure and sustainable Electrical Energy to different European Countries.


Heterogeneous interface MN support in NS2 PDF

S.O. Falaki, O.S. Adewale, B.K. Alese and O.T. Jinadu

Emerging wireless technologies incorporate different access networks. Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Universal Mobile Telecommu-nication System (UMTS) and Worldwide Interoperability for Multiple Access (WiMAX) technologies form heterogeneous network characterized with high resource demand and rapidly changing traffic patterns. Limited co-existence of all mobile users is attributed to poor adaptation of infrastructure and increasing demand of applications/services. More problem of deteriorating service is offered in switching between different access technologies and/or between multiple operators. Subsequently, mobile users experience service disruptions, which make carriage of two or more devices expedient for continuous service to be enjoyed while leaving ‘home’ network area. Though, some projects have implemented multiple Wi-Fi interfaces, the mobile node only provides for single Wi-Fi or dual WLAN interfaces, which does not allow researchers simulate flexible scenario as users cannot implement switching to other interfaces. To access diverse networks therefore, mobile users needs to be equipped with multi-media enabled wireless device to use real-time application anytime anywhere on diverse network. This paper presents an implementation of multiple channels, multi-interface mobile node in NS2 using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UMTS and WiMAX technologies to overcome highlighted limitations. The model provides seamless roaming capability for users across different networks to offer qualitative and continuous service while moving.


PI Controller for Active Twin-Accumulator Suspension with Optimized Parameters Based On a Quarter Model PDF

Mohamed A. Hassan, Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab, k. A. Abd El-gwwad and M. M. M. Salem

This paper is primarily studying the behaver of the twin-accumulator suspension over the conventional passive system focusing on ride quality behavior and road holding. Therefore, a dynamic modeling of passive and twin-accumulator suspension for quarter model is constructed. MATLAB Simulink environment is used to develop the suspension models. The simulation is applied with two different road disturbances, namely, step input and random input to disturb the suspension system. The optimum solution is obtained numerically by utilizing a multi-objective evolutionary strategy algorithm and employing a cost function that seeks to minimize the RMS value of the body acceleration, the suspension displacement as well as the dynamic tyre load. Moreover, in this work, an active suspension system with PI controller is presented in order to improve the suspension performance criteria. The simulation results of passive, optimized twin accumulator suspension and active suspension consist of body displacement, wheel deflection, vehicle body acceleration, suspension travel and dynamic tire load are compared and analyzed. Results show that the twin-accumulator suspension system gives worthwhile improvements in ride behavior compared with the passive suspension. Finally, it can be observed that the performance of body displacement and wheel displacement can be improved by using the proposed PI controller.


Effective Prediction of Mobile Radio Pathloss in Warri City Clutter of Nigeria PDF

Anamonye U.G., Nnebedum V.I.

The basic task of radio link design requires the operator to foresee the coverage of the proposed system based on the impact of the clutter. This work is aimed at obtaining a suitable path-loss prediction model for the city of Warri by comparing the COST -231 Walfish Ikegami Model (WIM,) Hata Model, CCIR Model and the Free Space Model. Measurement of Received Signal Level (RSL) was conducted in three locations (Enheren, Refinery road, and Okwokuku) representing Urban, Suburban and Rural terrains respectively. The measurement of RSL was carried using Tecno handset with net monitor software running in it while Germin GPS was used for the propagation path-length. The path-loss from field data and that from existing models were analysed and compared using MATLAB (7.5). The result of the analysis showed that the Walfish Ikagami Model (WIMNLOS) gave a very close correlation with the measured path-loss in the three locations considered and therefore is preferred to other prediction models in the city of Warri.


Upgrading Nigeria Bitumen for constructing of pavements PDF

Fadairo Adesina, Adeyemi Gbadegesin, Oladepo Adewale, Falode Olugbenga

The occurrence of bitumen deposits in Nigeria has been estimated to be about 42 billion tonnes, almost twice the amount of existing reserves of crude petroleum according to Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC). The failures of the Nigeria bituminous pavements are not only due to increase in traffic but also due to extreme climatic conditions prevailing in the country. For proper planning and usage of Nigeria bitumen for construction of roads in Nigeria, there is the need to upgrade and optimise the bitumen in order to meet the foreign international standard for constructing Nigerian pavements. The polymer modification of the bitumen can improve the quality of binders and enhance the properties of binders used for the construction of pavements.


Determination of Lame’s Constants of Surface soils and Shallow Sediments from Seismic Wave Velocities PDF

O. Akankpo and U. E. Essien

This paper presents the results of seismic compressional, P- and shear, S-wave measurements carried out on the unconsolidated top-soil at the different locations of the study area to determine Lame’s constants (µ and ?). The seismic refraction method employing P-wave and S-wave sources were used to generate seismic energies that propagated through the subsurface. A 12-channel seismograph with signal stacking ability was used together with high frequency (100 Hz) geophones on the top-soil. The geophone intervals were set to 5 m at all the locations. The results of the findings based on these parameters were Lame’s first constant, µ (1.3751 x 108 N/m2 – 2.8989 x 108 N/m2) for first layer and (2.9294 x 108 N/m2 – 7.0209 x 108 N/m2) for the second layer; Lame’s second constant (-2.023 x 108 N/m2 – 2.7290 x 108 N/m2) for first layer and (-3.9762 x 108 N/m2 - 3.000 x 108 N/m2 ) for second layer. The low values of these constants are symptomatic of occurrence of ripable anisotropic materials in the locations where they occur. The average depth of the top and weathered zone should be removed and refilled with geomaterials that may be resilient to carry engineering loads.


Analysis of the Cause(s) of the Collapse of a 3-Storey Building in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria PDF

Ogunbiyi, Moses A., Olawale, S. O., Olayiwola, T. B., Akinola, S. R., Bamgboye, O. A

This study sets out to investigate the remote cause(s) leading to the collapse of a 3-Storey Building in Ile-Ife. The study analyzed the original design submitted for approval and construction, the report of the Lagos State Materials Testing Laboratory (LSMTL) and the research re-design of the Structural elements required for the stability of the building. The results show that the building was under-designed in critical areas of the building elements such as; columns, beams, and slabs. Also, the contractor did a shoddy work either out of greed, incompetence or lack of experience. It was also, noted that inappropriate materials were used by the contractor in the construction of the building. Reinforcement provided at the first, second and third floors of the building were adequate but the design did not take into consideration hogging and cantilevers. This may result in over-turning leading to collapse of the building. The results show that the reinforcement bars provided for the beams were inadequate; it was also observed that the characteristic compressive strength; fcu(20N/mm2) recommended for reinforced concrete was not met by the constructors. The survey therefore concludes that; under-design, use of low grade concrete, poor concrete mix, poor workmanship, lack of proper supervision among other things contributed to the demise of the 3-storey building.


Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna at 60GHz for Point to Point Communication PDF

K. K. SHARMA, RAVI KUMAR GOYAL

A compact slotted planar square ring-shaped micro strip antenna simultaneously suitable for point to point communication at 60 GHz is presented. The antenna is simulated by the software CST. CST, computer simulated technology simulator is employed to analyze the proposed antenna and simulated results on return loss, the E and H plane radiation pattern and polar plot gain is presented. The simulation and measurement result met the IEEE 802.1lad standard operate in 60 GHz band for point to point communication. The measured results shows a return loss of -26.69 db and the voltage standing wave ratio VSWR < 2 at 60 GHz indicating that the antenna is a good candidate for very high speed WLAN applications.


Association of TP53 [Arg72Pro] Gene Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk in Iraqi female patients PDF

Anwar M. Al-janabi, Abdul Hussein A. Algenabi, Salih M. Alkhafaji, Imad Alsabri

Breast cancer is considered the first or second most common cancer and major cause of death in women globally. The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is one of the most commonly mutated genes in all types of human cancer including breast cancer. numerous studies showed that the significant association between Tumor suppressor protein TP53 gene polymorphism (Arg72Pro: rs 1042522) and the risk of breast cancer. We aimed to study and investigate the association of TP53 (Arg72Pro) gene polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer. The genotypes and allele frequencies of TP53 (Arg72Pro) gene polymorphism were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis in 300 breast cancer patients and 200 controls after extraction of DNA from blood samples of all participants.


JUVENILES AND HEINOUS CRIMES IN INDIA -- WITH REFERENCE TO RECENT TRENDS PDF

Dr.D.S.Selvakumar

The incidence of juveniles being booked for heinous crimes, including murder and rape, in TamilNadu is growing and the law enforcement agencies are not very much concerned about the issue .Counsellors working in the field and other experts say one probable reason why many juveniles end up committing serious offences could be that they are not capable of accepting failure This paper tries to review the present conditions with regard to Juveniles Crimes in Tamilnadu one of the,states of India and measures to be taken immediately for the welfare of the Juveniles as well as the Society as a whole.


TUBE DRAWING IN DIE-LESS CONICAL PRESSURE UNIT PDF

Yassr Y. Kahtan, Talal. Y. M. Al-Naib

A theoretical study of the die-less tube sinking was carried out in which the conventional die is replaced by a die-less conical orifice reduction unit. The process involves pulling the wire through the conical die-less unit which is filled with a polymer melt, the pulling action causes yielding of the continuum and a reduction in area is then obtained.


PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI- A SURGEON’S NIGHTMARE- A CASE REPORT PDF

Dr. Sai Waikar, Dr. Lavanya Tyagi, Dr. Priya Bagade, Dr. Jaishree Narshetty, Dr. Sushil Kumar

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a clinical term used to describe the finding of abundant mucoid or gelatinous material in the pelvis and abdominal cavity surrounded by fibrous tissue. Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a disease of the MUC expressing goblet cells that are specific for mucin production. Extracellular mucin accumulates dramatically in pseudomyxoma peritonei because the number of MUC2-secreting cells dramatically increases and because this MUC2 has no place to drain. It is most commonly secondary to a well-differentiated appendiceal mucinous neoplasm or other gastrointestinal primary and rarely, mucinous tumors arising from ovary.


ASSESSMENT OF VLSI FFT FRAMEWORKS DIFFERENCE IN FLEXIBILITY, RAPIDITY, COMPLEXITY AND PROTOTYPING THE FRAMEWORKS FOR SOC TELECOM APPLICATION PDF

Gillela Rohini Jayachandre, Vishal Reddy.B, Swarna Raghavi.S

This paper explains prototyping the integrated circuit of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for system-on-chip (SOC) telecommunication. There are three types of assessment of FFT frameworks proposed in wired or wireless OFDM standers in MIMO standers. The three type of framework are, 1. Fully parallel, 2. Pipelined cascade 3. In-place variable-size architecture, these frameworks have different trade-offs, like flexibility, rapidity, complexity and prototyping. The implementation of silicon and assessment with state-of-art prove the works for target application by output from each macro cell.


Analyticity theorem and operation-transform formula for LAPLACE - MELLIN INTEGRAL TRANSFORM TO A CLASS OF GENERALIZED FUNCTION PDF

Dr.M.M.P.Singh and Mrs. Mampi Saha

We have Extended Laplace-Mellin Integral Transformation (LMIT) to a class of Generalized Function. In this paper we discuss the ‘Testing Function Space’ ?LM?_(a,b,c,d ) and its dual ??LM?^'?_(a,b,c,d ). We have proved that ?LM?_(a,b,c,d ) is ‘Complete Space’. We have derived some lemmas those are ‘?? E?^(-SL) M^(P-1)?LM?_(a,b,c,d )’ , ‘D(I) is a subspace of ?LM?_(a,b,c,d )’ and ‘?LM?_(A,B,C,D ) is a dense subspace of E(I)’ . ‘Analyticity Theorem’ of Laplace-Mellin Integral Transformation has been derived and ‘Some Operation transformation formula’ for this transform has been proved.


Synthesis of Schiff bases of Isatin and 5-bromoisatin with 2-aminobenzyl amine and their complexes PDF

Alaa M .Ali Saher A. Ali , Ibrahim A.FliflandHaider A.M

The present work include preparation of two new Schiff bases formed from the condensation of2-aminobenzylamine with isatin and 5-Bromoisatin. Complexes of Nickel(II),Cobalt(II) and Chrome(III)with these Schiff bases were prepared .these compounds and theirs Complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and FT-IR ,1HNMR and Mass spectra .the analyses of Ni(II),Co(II), Cr(III)Complexes are six-coordinate and have octahedral structure.


KALUZA-KLEIN COSMOLOGICAL MODELS WITH ANISOTROPIC DARK ENERGY AND SPECIAL FORM OF DECELERATION PARAMETER PDF

K.S.Adhav, R.P.Wankhade, S. M.Gawande

The exact solutions of the Einstein field equations for dark energy in Kaluza-Klein metric under the assumption on the anisotropy of the fluid are obtained by applying special form of deceleration parameter in General Relativity. The geometrical and physical aspect of the model is also studied.


A NOVEL PATHOGENICITY OF NANO- BEAUVERIA BASSIANA AND METARIHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE AGAINSTSITOPHILUS ORYZAE (L.)(COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONDAE)UNDER LABORATORY AND STORE CONDITIONS PDF

Magda Sabbour

Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is a serious primary insect pest of the stored rice, wheat and maize grains Objective: The present studies aims to determine the efficacy of the nano-entomopathogenicity of the two nano-entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaeagainst one serious pest of stored rice, wheat and maize.Methods: The effect of the two nano-entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were tested under laboratory at concentrations ranged from 1X10 to 1X108spores/ml and experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions (26±2 o C and 65±5 %RH.), store (in 15 rice packages were sprayed by the nano-bio insecticides (B. bassiana and M. anisopliae) at concentration 8.25 x 108 conidia /ml for each fungus) Results:Data showed that the LC50êž‹ s of the rice weevil under laboratory conditions after treated with different concentrations of the nano entomopathogenic fungi which obtained 45X104 and 57 X104 conidia/ml after treated with Nano-B. bassiana and Nano-M. anisopliae respectively. under laboratory conditions, the infestations with the rice weevil S, oryzae were significantly decreased after the -nano- B. bassiana and M. anisopliae as compared to control. The infestations with S. oryzae under store conditions were significantly decreased after, nano- B. bassianaand M. anisopliae as compared to the control. Using of entomopathogenic fungi causing a significant reduction of the eggs number laid / female after being treated with nano entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaeas compared the control. The emerged adults were significantly decreased in the store in the treated bags with nano-entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae


Modeling and Simulation of Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drive PDF

Nikhil V. Upadhye, Mr.Jagdish G. Chaudhari, Dr. S.B.Bodkhe

The main focus of this paper is towards the analysis of Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme with Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique. Dynamic performance of the induction motor is improved by the DTC-SVM technique. Both motor and inverter are controlled in most efficient way by DTC. The fast control of torque and flux in Induction Motor (IM) without complexity is the feature of DTC. The selection of voltage vector for the desired resultant voltage vector is described and the IM is simulated for both DTC and without DTC system.


A parasitic Medicinal plant Cuscuta reflexa: An Overview PDF

Pooja Saini and Ekta Menghani

Traditional system of medicines relies on the plant products for the treatment of various disorders. Medicinal properties of the plant are used to cure diseases. These medicinal properties of the plant are due to the active phytoconstituents of the plants having therapeutic potential. Cuscuta reflexa is a parasitic weed plant having medicinal properties and have an important place in the Ayurveda. Cuscuta reflexa grows over the host plant and draws nutrients from host plant so the medicinal properties also depend on its host plant. Various chemicals have been isolated from this miracle plant having therapeutic potential possessing ethnomedical and pharmacological activities. This review represents a detailed survey on the studies of Cuscuta reflexa, its chemical constitution, ethnomedical uses and pharmacological activities.


Hamelia patens a potential plant from Rubiaceae family: A Review PDF

Jafra Bano, Swapna Santra and Ekta Menghani

Traditional medicine is used to sustain people’s health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or indulgence physical and mental illnesses all over the world. Plants have since ever been a rich basis of medication among the human civilizations. In India there exist numerous highly civilized communities residing near or in the holy lap of nature. The people of such civilizations frequently depend on plants for their daily needs as well as for their medication also. Medicinal plants are believed to be with healing powers, and people have used them for various centuries. Aimed to modern drug discovery, traditional medicinal plants have been studied and developed which is followed the ethno botanical lead of native cures used by traditional medical systems. The therapeutic activities of mainly plants are due to the presence of one or more of such components like alkaloids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The phytochemical screening discovered the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. Therefore, the research of plants and their uses (especially medicinal purposes) is one of the most primary human concerns and has been practiced in the planet.


A NOVEL AND RELIABLE ATTRIBUTE RATIO CONGESTION CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR WSN (ARCC) PDF

Dr. D.USHA,M.C.A.,M.Phil.,M.Tech.,Ph.D

Effectiveness of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is determined by its performance and any WSN can lose packets when it is congested. Sinks collecting information from other nodes are most likely to be less efficient when there is congestion. There are many congestion control algorithms while congestion detection and control are major research areas. There are various congestion control techniques in WSN’s based on many factors but controlling congestion becomes mandatory in WSN’s for better performance. The main contribution of this paper is a congestion control mechanism for reliability and management in a WSN. This paper presents a novel technique to overcome congestion and improve performance of a WSN while detailing other routing and congestion algorithms.


Low Signature Advanced Base Bleed Grains PDF

Ehab. M. Youssef, Mostafa. A. Radwan, Hosam E. Mostafa, Moustafa. K. Hadhoud

Base bleed still one of the effective methods to extend the projectile range as it decreases the base drag which composes about 50% of the total drags acting on the projectile. Also, low signature propellants are very important in order not to reveal the gun position. So, various compositions are prepared to optimize the superior mechanical properties the propellant must achieve together with low signature. rocket propellants containing two bonding agents were studied Tris-1- (2-Methyl Aziridinyl) Phosphine Oxide (MAPO) and mixed MAT4 (which is a mixture of MAPO, adipic acid and tartaric acid) give us stress 11.7 Kg/cm2 and strain of 16.3 %, then curing ratio starting from 0.97 to 0.7 are also studied giving the optimum mechanical properties at 0.83 where the strain reached about 34%. Primary smoke is not affected by adding 7% of hexogen (RDX) instead of ammonium perchlorate (AP) but the secondary smoke is decreased by about 40%, while by adding 5% magnesium (Mg) secondary smoke is decreases by about 75% but the primary smoke is dramatically increased.


Slicing Layared Architecture for Chracterizing Reuse-Driven Software Engineering PDF

Divanshi Priyadarshni Wangoo

This paper presents an efficient methodology for representing the layered architecture modules in terms of slicing object components. The goal is to reduce the software dependencies in the overall architecture style characterizing the objective of Reuse-driven Software Engineering. The dependency graphs for the high level component systems structures the application systems for making reuse cost-effective and ensures deployment of high quality software systems to the end users. Moreover, the Lay_Slice Dependency Graph helps in aligning the reuse levels in the component systems to a comphrennsive pattern that improves the productivity and quality of the reuse business process. The slicing layered architecture ensures a well-defined architecture system with new slicing based Object-Oriented modeling techniques that helps in more systematic dealing with the complexity of large software systems.


Seismic Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Building Frames and Dual Systems Considering Soil Structure Interaction PDF

Ahmed Yousef, Salah Elmetwally, Mahmoud Elshahawy

This paper investigates the seismic behavior of moment resisting building frames and dual systems constructed from Normal-Strength Concrete (NSC with fc' = 25 MPa) and High-Strength Concrete (HSC with fc' = 75 MPa) considering Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) using Wolf model, Gazetas model, the method used by the International Building Code (IBC-2012) and the method used by the Egyptian code for soil mechanics and foundation design (ECP 202-2007). The study also includes the effect of soil type and the level of foundation. El Centro earthquake record has been selected as the input ground motion. The selected structures had been analyzed with aid of the computer program OPNSEES and material nonlinearity had been accounted for. The HSC models were designed with allowance for two options; keeping the dimensions of the cross sections constant or reduced along the height. The results showed that the calculated seismic response of multi-story reinforced concrete building frames and dual systems considering SSI is sensitive to the variation in the concrete strength. Considering the SSI using Wolf model for the case of soft soil with 12-story building frame resulted in an increase in the roof displacement relative to the fixed base by 18.0%, 16.0% and 15.0% for NSC, HSC with reduced sections and HSC with constant sections, respectively, while for Gazetas model these ratios are 20.0%, 21.0% and 12.0%, respectively, and for the IBC-2012 model these ratios are 13.0%, 15.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. For 12-story dual systems, considering the SSI according to Wolf model with soft soil resulted in an increase in the roof displacement relative to the case of fixed base by 40%, 38%, and 9% for NSC and HSC (reduced sections) and HSC (constant sections), respectively, while for Gazetas model these ratios are 63%, 61.0% and 14%, respectively, and for the IBC-2012 model these ratios are 42%, 30.0%, and 23.0%, respectively. The calculated maximum story drift considering the SSI with soft soil S1 for 12-story building frame constructed from HSC with fc' = 75 MPa exceeds the story drift limit required by the international codes by 7%, 13% and 67% for Wolf, Gazetas and ECP model, respectively. For the 12-story dual system the calculated maximum story drift is still within the limit of the international codes due to the large stiffness of the shear walls.


Improving Biogas Production from Sewage Water by Using Enzymes PDF

Emad Ahmad Yas, Moharram Fouad, Ahmed Sultan

Biogas production rate from sewage water has been increased more than 80% by adding digestive enzymes to simulated and natural sewage water under different operational conditions. These enzymes have included pepsin, Ox bile extract, single and mixed with concentration of (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4) mg/l and (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) mg/l as respectively. So the impact of addition of mixtures of enzymes (Lipase (L), Amylase (AM) and Protease (P)) at concentration shown in research, under temperature 20˚and 37.5˚C.pH 6.5-7.2, the duration of fermentation is 12 days. The amount of salinity is ranged between (1004 – 1474) micromhos/cm. The results showed that the addition of any digestive enzyme to sewage water increases biogas production at least10:20 % in short retention time. However, to get maximum biogas production, it is necessary to add at least two or three digestive enzymes simultaneously to sewage water. Up to two different digestive enzymes can increase biogas production from sewage water. For example, biogas production was increased 20% and 80% after using pepsin only and a mixture of pepsin and Ox bile extract respectively. The results also showed that the addition of digestive enzymes to the sewage water increases biogas production at 37.5˚C over that at 20˚C.


The effect of calcium fluoride on the desulfurization of chromium steels by rare earth PDF

Dawood A. D, Semin A. E, Kotelnikov G. I

Two series of experiments were carried out for studying desulfurization process of chromium steel, which contains 13% chromium, where the desulfurization was conducted in inert gas atmosphere, at temperature 1600oC in a resistance furnace, by using flux mixtures of rare earth metals and oxides with calcium fluoride. The obtained results proofed that: the mathematical models for the process is reliable and effective for the process optimization. The maximum desulfurization degree obtained was 58.33% for mixture of rare earth oxide with fluorspar ratio 1:2 and 73.68% for mixture rare earth (mischmetal) with fluorspar at the same ratio.


Sustainable Energy from Waste: Opportunities and Technologies for a Cleaner World PDF

Reji Shaji

Energy generation from waste plays a vital role in sustainable energy security and waste management. Energy production and environmental aspects are analyzed for four alternatives based on different technologies: combustion with energy recovery, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. The advantages of these technologies are mainly the significantly reduced waste volume for landfilling, the reduction of total greenhouse gas emissions, for generating electricity or co-generation of electricity and heat. With waste to energy, waste becomes an important source of renewable energy, moderating the climate change effects and saving earth’s valuable raw materials and resources. The integration of renewable energy sources within the boundaries of existing energy production systems has emerged as a promising and sustainable policy towards addressing the growing global energy demand. This paper provides technologies that can be incorporated into real world solutions and can serve as the foundations for future research.


Influence of annealing on structural and Micro- Hardness of nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Films PDF

F. Abd El-Salam, M. M. Mostafa, M.M. El-Nahass, R.H.Nada, E.F. M. El Zaidia, H.S. Mohamed

In the present study, TiO2 powder was used as the starting material to prepare thin films by conventional thermal evaporation using high vacuum coating unit type (Edwards E 306A). The surface topography and nanoparticles shape of TiO2 thin films as deposited and annealed at the temperatures 473, 673 and 873K were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The films showed good uniformity, crack free surface and nanoparticles with small ellipsoidal shape dispersing with high separations. The indentation experiments were carried out by using micro hardness tester showed the absence of monotonic behaviour and irregular thermally induced oscillations in the curves of the film hardness, HVf versus the annealing temperature. This behavior may be due to the combined effects of the applied factors; the temperature, the load and the dwell time, on the obtained HVf. Also the indentation size effect index (ISE), m, was calculated as 1.6 for the TiO2 films indicating that the hardnesss depends on indentation size.


Applications of Nonlinear Boundary Value Problem to the Heat Conduction Equation using Fourier Integrals PDF

Sharmin Akter, Umme Ruman

Old Fashioned definitions of mathematics, as a science of numbers and magnitude are no longer valid. Now-a-days it has many applications in many branches for solving physical problem including geometrical configuration. Partial differential equation plays an important role in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to present various types of partial differential equations with applications. Some partial differential equations almost entirely to a kind of boundary value problems which enters modern applied mathematics at every term have been included and solved by using Fourier transform. Laplace transform and separation of variables method. I have explained the physical problems on the conduction of heat and solved by different methods. Fourier series and its applications in Boundary value problem have also been discussed


Mapping Land Use and Land Cover in parts of the Niger Delta for Effective Planning and Administration PDF

Ubong Paulinus Udoka, Alex Iheanyichukwu Opara, Godwin Ifedilichukwu Nwankwor, Osadolor Obiahon Ebhuom

This research paper presents an analysis of land cover/land use characteristics within some coastal states in the Niger Delta as a basis for critical long term regional land use planning. The objective of the study is to help administrators in identifying high priority development and conservation zones including areas of production potentials for cropping pattern and specific areas necessary for land use optimization. The land use/ land cover mapping of the study area revealed a cluster of urban settlements at the center of each of the three states. A cluster settlement is an indicator of organized human habitation within which socio-economic activities (transportation systems, communication, administrative system and education) and other developmental activities revolve around. This study identified 13 significant cluster settlements with 6 of the clusters occurring within Akwa Ibom State, 4 in Rivers State and 3 in Bayelsa state. These clusters are settlement areas of dense habitation ranging from 63.5 Sq. Km to 581 Sq. Km with the largest occurring in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The Land use analysis within the study area shows a high pressure on forest resources over other land resources (such as farm and grass land). Among the three states covered wthin this study, Rivers State has the highest forest resources, while Bayelsa State has the highest water resources.


Exploring the Spirituality – Texts and contexts in Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day PDF

P.K.Selvaraj and Dr.V.N.Manjula

Miranda Day receives the name “Mama Day” not because she has many children of her personal, she has none---but because as midwife, she has formed or birthed, most of residents of Willow Springs. She has served as mother not only to her own blood relations but to various people of the island, she is recognized as the most powerful conjurist on the island. Mama Day is a modern love story, a timeless generational history, an amazing tale of the supernatural power of African-American traditions. It is a novel that passes through the worlds of the black and white. The first one is the southern barrier in the island of Willow Springs, a place which is not exempted from the racial laws of men. As God has created the earth in six days so has Naylor took longer to create her personal universe in Mama Day. The other world, New York City is multi-racial, multi linguist governed by stern and apparently heartless codes of love. Naylor gives each of world its personal storyline and storyteller and then brings them together. She also explores and examines several reconciliations between the blacks rustic past and their urban present, between allegory and the past, between individuals and communities, sense and trust and at last the living and the dead. On the other side, Miranda recalls the history of her father and great grandfather, Boscombe, who was a Norwagian and got married to Sapphira, an African-born and then forthcoming generation which has also witnessed the claws of slavery. Willow Springs is an imaginary place, where the blacks’ monarch rules in their own way and refuse to follow the rule and regulations of whites.


Scanning Electron Microscopy Study for Fracture Surface of Epoxy/Al2O3 Nanocomposites PDF

Faez M. Hassan, Hassan Hadi Darwoysh

The effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles 50 nm on some mechanical properties of epoxy resin was investigated (Young’s modulus and Flexural strength). Moreover, this study shows the effect of using scanning electron microscopy on fracture surface. The nanocomposites were prepared by using three processing steps with different fraction volume of nanoparticles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10 %). Flexural strength and Young’s modulus of nanocomposites were increased at low fraction volume (Max. enhancement at 3%). However, at higher fraction volume, both Young’s modulus and Flexural strength were decreased with increasing of ductility, and the mechanical properties were enhanced more than that of neat epoxy resin. Fracture surface topography shows rougher and lesser uniform surface compared with that neat epoxy resin, more than one crack propagation directions as well as river lines are lesser in length and crowded compared with neat epoxy resin. The current study shows that Al2O3 nanoparticles agglomerations are very obvious in the fracture surface.


CO2 Study and dependancy of Ventilation Rate on CO2 Concentration-A Survey PDF

Ms. Rupam S. Rote, Prof. Ms. Rupali. R Jagtap

This paper summarize the role of CO2 in ventilation systems. A survey also helped to study the current state of the art in Co2-based ventilation control with brief discussion of technology used, its reliability and how it is best used for energy saving. The control of outdoor air intake rates in mechanically ventilated buildings based on indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, called CO2 demand controlled ventilation (DCV). This paper gives the overall view of actual energy saving potential, ventilation system features, building occupancy, how indoor air quality impacts to implement CO2 DCV. The report presents the art of review of CO2 technology and applications with its literature review. In addition specifications while using CO2 sensor are examined.


Survey of Security Threats and Counter Measures in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks PDF

Sunil Kumar Jangir, Naveen Hemrajani

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are pervasive, self-configuring, infrastructure-free, and ubiquitous devoid of any centralized authority. Mobile ad hoc networks have proved their efficiency in the deployment for different fields, but they are highly vulnerable to security attacks which is particularly challenging in wireless networks. The existing research that has been carried out provides authentication, confidentiality, availability, and secure routing in ad hoc networks. This paper is an attempt to review the prevailing mobile ad hoc network security threats and the existing solutions.


Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Construction Errors in Reinforced Concrete Beams PDF

Afunanya, J.E, Williams, F.N and Tok, T.Y

This research investigated through experimental procedure the effects of construction errors in flexural and shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This was achieved by casting and testing fifteen RC beam specimens (1000 × 120 × 150mm) under the four point bending test in Heavy Structures Laboratory at Swansea University UK. The test variable is the arrangement of tensile steel reinforcements and transverse shear links. Beam specimens were categorized into two series according to their designed modes of failure i.e. flexural and shear. Flexural specimens were significantly reinforced in shear, to ensure flexural failure whist shear specimens were significantly reinforced in flexure to ensure shear failure. For each specimen series, three cast beam specimens served as the control whilst nine others (three for each construction error investigated) were cast with a construction error in either tensile steel reinforcement or transverse shear links. Analysis and discussion of results is based on the failure modes, ultimate loads sustained and load-deflection behaviour of beam specimens. Test results indicate that a reduction in the effective depth of specimens in the flexural series led to an 8.14% and 28.6% decrease in strength and ductility of beam specimens. For the shear series; the removal of a transverse shear link and the inclination of transverse shear links at 60° resulted in 14.1% and 10.6% decrease in strength and 12.8% and 20.9% decrease in ductility respectively.


Resource Allocation and Server Consolidation Algorithms for Green Computing PDF

Mostafa Sami, M. Haggag, Dina Salem

In cloud computing data centers, the only interest was high performance without paying much attention to energy consumption that is growing rapidly. Many huge problems come up from this high energy consumption. Turning green is a new concept for data centers, to solve these problems. Green computing means using resources efficiently and eco-friendly. This research paper proposes a scalable system that helps data centers use energy in an efficient way, by combining a resource allocation algorithm and a server consolidation one, their goal is to minimize the number of physical machines used to execute all required tasks.


Noise Reduction Techniques and Algorithms For Speech Signal Processing PDF

M.A.Josephine Sathya , Dr.S.P.Victor

Acoustic problems in the environment have gained attention due to the tremendous growth of technology Exposure to high decibels of sound proves damaging to humans from both a physical and a psychological aspect. The problem of controlling the noise level in the environment has been the focus of a tremendous amount of research over the years. This paper describes a study of techniques for noise reduction which can be applied at the input to standard receivers trained on noise-free speech. In this review, we have classified the existing noise cancellation schemes and algorithms


An Improved Speed and Torque Performance of ANFIS based Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor Drive PDF

Ms.A.Durga Bhavani, Mrs. G. Durga Devi, Dr.K.Satyanarayana

Unlike vector control of induction motor direct Torque Control (DTC) has several advantages. This paper presents intelligent control scheme with ANFIS controller (adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system) to adjust the speed of the direct torque control of induction motor drive. The performance of conventional DTC in Induction Motor drives consisting of PI controller suffers from complicated tuning and Overshoot problems. This control scheme uses the speed error calculated from reference speed and estimated speed which generates the estimated Torque and compared with the actual Torque. Simulation studies have been carried out for different operating conditions of the drive system; the results have been presented and compared with those of the conventional method. From the simulation results it can be observed that when there is a step change in the load torque, the momentary decrease in speed with the proposed method is less. Finally the proposed method will provide less THD in steady state current ripple when compared to the conventional DTC algorithm.


Structural, optical and magnetic properties of Ni-aluminates with Co substitution PDF

M.E. Gouda, W.A.A. Bayoumy

Nickel – Cobalt aluminates nanoparticles (NPs) in the range of 3-27 nm were synthesized by a sol-gel auto combustion method using citric acid as fuel. The as-synthesized (NPs) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), UV–Vis spectroscopy and CIE-L*a*b* color measurement. Formation of spinel phase was identified by XRD. Cationic distributions for the present investigated system were estimated. The colorimetric data pointed out to the formation of blue pigments. These (NPs) exhibit a superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature with no coercivity and remanence.


The Effect of the Novel Anti-Collusion Fingerprinting Scheme on the Knowledge from Numeric Databases PDF

Arti Mohanpurkar, Madhuri Joshi

The effect of applying the novel anti-collusion fingerprinting scheme on the knowledge obtained from numeric databases is elaborated in this paper. Here, how the classification statistics are affected after fingerprinting numeric datasets is depicted. Several different classifiers are used for the purpose. This technique is primary key independent and resilient to additive attack. It is found to be highly secured against collusion attack due to the special insertion technique and the secret key used during fingerprinting.


First-principles Study of the Structural, Electron-ic, Optical and Thermodynamic Properties of Bi-nary Compound (AlB2) PDF

Shabnaz Afrin, Shalauddin, M. K. Hossain

In the present study, first-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) is exploited to investigate different properties of AlB2 by using ultra-soft Pseudopotential technique. The study involves the calculations of the structural, mechanical, electronic, optical and thermodynamical properties of AlB2. All these properties are studied at ambient condition and at various temperatures and pressures. It is found that the volume decreases with increasing pressure. Our calculated elastic constants agree with the previous theoretical data expect for C12. and AlB2 is found to be brittle. Calculated electronic band structures are doubly degenerate along Γ-A direction. The total DOS curves of this compound shares similar free-electron-like metallic features. The B 2p states dominate the conductivity of AlB2. The reflectivity spectrum shows that the material is a good reflector within the energy range, 8.15-20.65 eV and the materials should have no band gap. The static refractive index of AlB2 is found to have the values ~ 6.76. Debye temperature increase with pressure. The temperature dependence of α is very weak at higher temperatures and higher pressures.


Context based word prediction for Mobile devices with T9 keypads PDF

Apoorva Saxena

The use of digital mobile phones has led to a tremendous increase in communication using messaging. On a phone T9 keypad, multiple words are mapped to same numeric code due to multiple posssilbe combinationsof different alphabets associated with the particular numeric code . The article proposes a Context Based Word Prediction system for SMS messaging in which context of the word based on prior words is used to predict the most appropriate word for a given code.


Preparation and characterization of ( PVP +NaCl) based polymer electrolytes for electrochemical cell applications PDF

V.Raja, C.V.Subba Rao, V.V.R.Narasimha Rao

Polymer electrolyte films based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) complexed with sodium chloride (NaCl) were prepared by solution casting technique. The complexation of NaCl salt with the polymer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. The conductivity and dielectric measurements were carried out on these films in the frequency range 100Hz to 1MHz and temperature range 303K to 360 K. The complex impedance spectroscopy results reveal that the high-frequency semicircle is due to the bulk effect of the material. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase of salt concentration. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of these electrolytes exhibited Arrhenius behavior. The value of activation energy decreases with increasing salt concentration. Transference numbers were carried out using Wagner’s polarization technique. The charge transport in this electrolyte system is predominantly due to ions. Electrochemical cells were fabricated with the configuration Na / (PVP+ NaCl) / (I2+C+electrolyte) and various parameters of the cells including open circuit voltage (OCV), short circuit current (SCC), power density etc., were evaluated. The performance of the electrochemical cells in the present investigations compares favorably with the parameters of earlier workers on different electrolyte systems, which clearly indicates the applicability of the present electrolyte systems as potential candidates for solid state electrochemical cells.


Edge-Enhancement in Intra Prediction Algorithm for H.264 PDF

Maha Sharkas, Mohamed E. Khedr, Abdusalam Z. Adham

In an H.264 Advanced Video Coding system, an intra-prediction tool that uses neighbor picture elements within the current picture has been adopted for enhancing compression efficiency. In this paper, a new efficient H.264 intra prediction scheme is proposed. The new prediction scheme is called Modified Prediction Matrix Mode (MPMM). The main idea behind the proposed prediction algorithm is to differentiate between the best suitable intra predictions pixels, {vertical - horizontal}. The performance of our proposed modification is evaluated using Mat Lab code. The results show that our MPMM enhances the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) in addition to giving a clue for the object's edge pattern.


Inelastic longitudinal electron scattering C2 form factors in 60Ni PDF

Firas Z. Majeed and Fadhel M. Hmood

Inelastic longitudinal C2 form factors in 60Ni nucleus have been studied using the nuclear shell model that carried out in terms of configuration mixing with limiting number of orbits in the model-space (restricted model space) (2p3/2, 2p1/2,1f5/2)n and including the effects of the discarded space (core orbits + higher orbits) outside the model-space, which is called core-polarization effects, through a microscopic theory as first-order perturbation theory that considers particle-hole excitations from the core orbits and via the model-space orbits into the higher orbits with 2ℏ𝜔 excitations. The shell-model wave functions obtained with the configuration, with a number of active neutrons outside the inert core 56Ni. The effective interaction F5PVH potential is used to generate the model space wave function. The simple harmonic oscillator (HO) potential is used to generate the single particle wave functions. Two realistic interactions had been adopted as a residual interactions to couple the particle-hole pair represented by the two body Michigan sum of three range Yukawa potential (M3Y-P2) and Gogny. The obtained theoretical results had been compared with available experimental data.


Synthesis of Silicone oil and Application on Knit and Woven Cotton Dyed Fabrics PDF

Md. Moyinul Islam, Jiang Huiyu

Silicone oil have wide spread applications in textile dyeing and finishing. In this paper four different samples of Silicone oil softeners were synthesized on the basis of a new recipe with different chemical ratio and each of them used on dyed and white cotton fabrics of knit and woven. Several tests have been done on Silicone oil like ionic surfactant test, solid content test, stability test etc. Although, several tests were done on the Silicone oil treated dyed and white knit and woven fabrics. From the test result of fastness test, color strength test, tensile strength test, Whiteness test etc. it has come out that it increases the fabric softness, flexibility, absorbency, increase abrasion resistance, crease recovery, gives excellent fastness properties etc. It can endow the textiles with soft, fluffy style. Proper stability and durability can reduce the problem of the roller sticky, floating oil. It is colorless and transparent thick liquid and easy to dilute. It has the excellent affinity to all kinds of fabrics including cotton knit fabrics, woven cotton fabrics, jute etc. The overall results come out with great prospect for silicone oil “Sample C” in textile finishing.


Soret effect on unsteady free convection flow of a dusty viscous fluid between two infinite flat parallel plates filled by a porous medium with inclined magnetic field PDF

R.Panneerselvi, P.Moheswari

In this paper, unsteady laminar free convective flow of a dusty viscous fluid through porous medium of non-conducting walls in the presence of inclined magnetic field with volume fraction and heat source is considered. Governing equations are solved by perturbation technique and the results are obtained for fluid and particle velocity, temperature of the dusty fluid at the inclined magnetic field and concentration with various parameters such as t (time), M (Magnetic parameter), Pr (Prandtl number), Gr (Grashof number), S (Heat source parameter), Θ (Inclined magnetic field angle), ε3 (Porous parameter), (Volume fraction of dusty particles), p (Pressure gradient). From these it is observed that increase in inclined magnetic field angle causes the decrease of velocity in the fluid and fluid temperature increases by increase in heat source parameter.


MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF DIARRHEA IN THE PRESENCE OF VACCINE PDF

S.O. Adewale, I.A.Olopade, S.O. Ajao and G.A. Adeniran

We present four (4) compartmental mathematical models (S, V E, I) to study the effect of vaccine and treatment in the dynamical spread of diarrhea in the community. The mathematical analysis shows that the disease free and the endemic equilibrium point of the model exist. The model has disease free equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable (LAS) whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity. i.e. and unstable when . The basic reproduction number which is the average number of new infected individuals generated by a single infectious individual in the population of susceptible, is a very important tool that helps in determining whether the disease persist and become endemic or dies out in the society.


Incorporation of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete PDF

Dr. M.Vijaya Sekhar Reddy, P.Sumalatha, M.Madhuri and K.Ashalatha

Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced by waste glass powder (GP) as 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight for M20mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength at seven and 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. Waste glass when grounded to a very fine powder shows some pozzolanic properties as it contains high SiO2 and therefore to some extent it replaces the cement and contributes for strength development. The results concluded the permissibility of using waste glass powder as partial replacement of fine aggregates up to 30% by weight for particle size of range 0-1.18mm. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass helps in energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement.. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 20%) without substantial change in strength.


Design of a SESLogo Program for Mobile Robot Control PDF

Nwankwo E. Linus, Okolie C. Sampson, Martins J. Gani, and Echegini S. Ngozi

This paper presents a step by step procedure for writing a control program for SES mobile robots. Detailed explanation of APPLIC 37, a microcontroller usually referred to as heart of the robot which receives data or programs, process it and send it to the robot for execution were given. Also the programming software (SESLOGO) which enables the operation of the APPLIC-37 interface and the robot directly is discussed.


A STUDY ON THE CURRENT STATUS AND THE CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR PULSES CULTIVATION IN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) PDF

Malvika Singh

Maharashtra State is the second largest producer of pulses with 3.5 million hectare area under its cultivation. There is a huge yield gap across pulse growing districts in Maharashtra – Akola, Parbhani, Latur, Nanded and Amravati. Certain dis-tricts including Akola and Jalgaon are the major processing and trading hubs. Currently, funds have been allocated for pulse projects under NFSM and State Government projects. Seed production is by the Government bodies. Farmers receive extension of subsidies under Central and State schemes, and are offered minimum support price(MSP). But as there is always a shortage of good quality hybrid seeds, farmers see pulses as a risky crop and hence large areas are not devoted to growing pulses. Extension of subsidies to farmers does not guarantee productivity, which has lead to a situation of anxiety and depression leading to increased number of suicides in the state.


The Impact and Challenges of M- Commerce Adoption on Vijayapur city in Karnataka state INDIA (using online Grocery stores app) PDF

Dr. Vinayak Grampurohit, Mr PRAVEEN P. BADAMI

This study investigates the impact and challenges of the adoption of M-Commerence by Vijapur city in the Karnataka State. A sample size of 50 Local Kirana Store(Grocery), 25 Customers(male) and 25 Customers(female) aged between 20 to 45 were selected in each Street(area) using stratified sampling techniques with the aid of well-structured questionnaires. Googleforms was used to capture the data while frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyze it. In all, 1, 000 copies of the questionnaire were administered to the ten (10) Street area in the different part of Vijayapur city while 890 copies were returned which represents a respondent rate of 89.1%. The result of the findings revealed that the adoption of M- Commerce has a significant impact on cost effectiveness, enhanced availability, low environmental impact, reduced IT complexities, mobility, scalability, increased operability and reduced investment in physical asset However, the major challenges confronting the adoption of M-commerce are data insecurity of Mobile Payments, lack of awareness of online transaction, lack of development of local m-commerce localization apps,even lots of customers spending money on transactions that are somehow related to their mobile devices. This paper concludes by recommending strategies to manage the identified challenges in the study area.


Administration of Data and Big Data PDF

Sami Alosaimi

This paper explains the data and big data. Also, it talks about the difference between all of them and descries all the data processes.


Modified IDS-AODV for prevention of black hole attacks in MANIT PDF

Ajesha Patel, Anurag Jain

Mobile ad hoc network is a self-configuring and decentralizing network which is proficient to structure network dynamically. Due to its dynamic behavior and lack of central authority security becomes the challenging task for this network. In this most of the nodes can get compromised from various types of threats such as worm hole, black hole and denial of service. Black hole attack is a serious threat which inject false route over the network by broadcasting itself as a shortest route. In this work, we use the light-weight versions of symmetric encryption protocols PRESENT and HIGHT because the goal is to provide better security by minimizing the number of computations used for encryption so as to reduce the energy consumption. The simulation of our proposed mechanism is performed in NS-2.34 network simulator and the analysis of proposed mechanism is done using performance measuring metrics like PDR, Throughput, Routing load and End-to End delay. The experimental results of our work outperforms than the other ones.


Use of Blast Furance Slag as a Filler Material in Rural Road Construction PDF

Namrata Verma, Neha Singh, Himanshu Kumar Malviya, Saurabh Jain

These Accumulation of unmanaged industrial solid waste especially in developing countries has resulted in increased environmental concern. Recycling of such wastes as a sustainable construction material appears to be viable solution not only to pollution problem but also an economical option to design of rural road. The present investigation was carried out to propose the use of Blast furnace slag as a filler material in rural road construction. BFS is a by-product generated during manufacturing of pig iron and steel. Waste processed BFS were used in filling material by dry process to get modified mix in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop waste create BFS from this study we came to know that the blast furnace slag an industrial solid waste is very useful material use as filling material in rural road construction.


Determination of lipase production and partial purification from local bacterial and micro algal isolates PDF

Dr. Amna M. Ali, Dr. Neihaya H. Zaki and Dr. Geddaa Al-rubaie

Lipase is enzyme capable of catalyzing and synthesis of esters formed from glycerol and long-chain fatty acids. Many types of microorganisms produce lipase, bacterial and algae lipases are important enzymes applications in various industries. Six bacterial and six algae species were collected from soil and research laboratories in Biology department/ Al- Mustansiriyah University, bacterial isolates identified as (Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus) and algae species as; (Chroococcus minor, Oscillatoria tunuis, Anabeana sp., Chlorella vulgaris, Nostoc sp.,and Chlorella ellipsodea). All bacterial and algae species were screened the ability for lipase production using plate assay and participation method for partial purification. Results showed a significant production of lipase for most of bacterial species, while very little to no inactivation effect for Aromonas hydrophlia, also there were an obvious production of ps alcaligenes and S. marcescens using plate assay method. A significant production for most of algae speices for lipase enzyme while very little to no inactivation effect for Chroococcus minor. Protein participation by using ammonium sulphate applied to purify the enzyme in 75% saturation. Results demonstrated that S. marcescens bacteria and Chlorella ellipsoidea algae were best isolates for extracellular lipase production, and that crud enzyme has less activity than purified enzyme. Isolation and identify the Lipase enzyme production form different local bacterial and algae isolates species has a great effect on involve this enzyme in the scientific application, because of friendly for environment, non-toxic and no harmful residues.


Brain Tumor Detection Using Shape features and Machine Learning Algorithms PDF

Dena Nadir George, Hashem B. Jehlol, Anwer Subhi Abdulhussein Oleiwi

One of the common methods used to detect tumor in the brain is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It gives important information used in the process of scanning the internal structure of the human body in detail. The MR Images classification is not easy task because of the variation and complexity of brain tumors. In the proposed technique, the detecting a brain tumor in the MR Images includes a number of steps are sigma filtering, adaptive threshold and detection region. Numbers of shape features are considered consists Major Axis Length, Euler Number, Minor Axis Length, Solidity, Area and Circularity to extract features for MR Images. The proposed method uses two classifiers depend on supervised techniques; the first classifier was C4.5 decision tree algorithm and the second classifier Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) algorithm. The classifiers are used for the purpose of classification the brain case to the normal or abnormal; the abnormal brain is classified into one type of benign tumor and five type of malignant tumor. Maximum precision of about 95% is achieved by considering 174 samples of brain MR Images and using MLP algorithm.


Misalignment Considerations in Laser Diode to Single Mode Circular Core Dispersion-shifted/Dispersion-flattened Fiber Coupling via Hyperbolic Microlens on the Fiber Tip PDF

Bishuddhananda Das, Tapas Ranjan Middya and Sankar Gangopadhyay

We report the theoretical investigation of the coupling efficiency in presence of possible transverse and angular mismatches in case of laser diode to single-mode circular core dispersion-shifted/dispersion-flattened fiber coupling via hyperbolic microlens on the fiber tip. The study comprises first theoretical investigations of coupling optics involving the said type of coupler in presence of such mismatches. Employing ABCD matrix formalism for refraction of paraxial rays by a hyperbolic microlens on the fiber tip, we formulate analytical expressions for the coupling efficiencies in presence of the said two misalignments. Further, the lens transmitted spot size of the source should be equal to the spot size of the fiber in case of maximum coupling. In this connection, we use Petermann II spot size of the fiber in order to take care of non-Gaussian nature of field of such fibers and to make the prediction of the launch optics more realistic thereby. The investigations are made for two different wavelengths namely 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm in case of some typical dispersion managed optical fibers. Although, our simple method predicts the concerned coupling optics excellently, the evaluation of the concerned efficiencies and associated losses will involve little computations. The results present the relevant coupling efficiencies along with the tolerance with respect to the said kinds of mismatches and as such it will benefit the designers and packagers who are working in the field of optical technology.


Braced tube Structural System: A Review PDF

Hardik J. Patel, Prof. A. R. Darji, PROF. (DR.). K. B. PARIKH

The advanced construction technologies, evolution of efficient structural system, necessity of vertical growth because of scarcity of urban land and rapidly increasing population caused the development of the high rise buildings all over the world. Lateral loads i.e. earthquake loads and wind loads requires special attention in design of high rise buildings along with gravitational loading. Lateral loads can be taken care by interior structural system or exterior structural system. Generally shear wall core, braced frame and their combination with other frames are interior structural systems where lateral load is borne by centrally located structural elements. While framed tube, braced tube structural system bear lateral loads by the elements provided on periphery of the buildings. It is very much important that the selected structural system must be optimized and should utilize structural elements effectively while satisfying design requirements.


Congestion Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Network using modified acknowledgement with secure channel PDF

Khushboo Sharma, Anurag Jain

The mobile ad hoc network is self-configuring and dynamic in nature. Due to its dynamic topology node can join or leave any time and each node behaves as router or host which can deliver the packets from source to destination. Due to the heavy traffic load over network congestion occur. To avoid the congestion on network various congestion control mechanism has been developed but in this we use modified-ACK based scheme for node authentication in AODV protocol. The simulation of our proposed work is done on network simulator NS-2.34 and comparative analysis of our proposed methodology is done using performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-end delay average jitter and routing load.


The Causes of Complexity in Inventory Management PDF

Abdullah N. Bin Salmah

In this paper, I will discuss the causes of complexity in inventory management and what issues the retailers face when they mange their inventories.


Studying the thermal performance of a Geothermal heat exchanger placed underground the Kirkuk city PDF

Amir Kh. Ali

The project is concerning about studying and experiencing the rate of underground temperature degree variation round the year for Kirkuk city , by burying a plastic heat exchanger in depth about two meters and installing thermometers on different levels of the specific depth in order to read the temperature of each level of the ground ,then allowing a specific quantity of water to flow from an outer source into the heat exchanger while reading the temperature of the water at the inlet and outlet and the heat transfer between the water and the underground soil.


Magnetically Propelled Warehousing, Courier and Same Hour Delivery System PDF

Tejinder Singh

This paper describes about an alternative Warehousing, Courier and Delivery System which will involve minimalist or almost no human involvement. The system is primarily designed to run on magnetic propulsion system called MegProp invented by Author. When in place, the warehousing will be completely automated with robots which will help deliver orders within an hour or minutes to customers. The System can be used as automated courier system for masses as well. The System is designed to utilize magnetic propulsion MegProp and Cities Sewerage System to complete the purpose. The paper also describe ways to maintain the System. Once in place. Not only can the System be used for Same Hour Delivery of products and automated courier. But other purposes such as waste management, Food delivery etc as well.


DYSLIPIDEMIA IN UREMIC PATIENTS TREATED WITH INTERMITTENT DIALYSIS PDF

Dr. Driton Selmani, Prof. Dr. Lutfi Zylbeari, M-r. Dr. Zamira Bexheti, Mr.Dr. Gazmend Zylbeari

It is known that uremic patients present clinical atherosclerosis mirror the earlier representation and serious complications of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular with peripheral arterial injuries more frequently with many more younger compared with the healthy population. Recent years has been verified that uremic dyslipidemia persists that in the early stages of kidney weakness, prior to treatment with hemodialysis (HD) and is one of basic factors of the beginning of atherogenic processes in uremic patients. Lipid metabolism disorders in patients with ESRD is first described in 1827 by Dr. Bright, especially in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Replacingphysiological lipoapoproteins with those pathological and effect of their high atherogenic impact phenomena are still undiscovered. Metabolism disorders of HDL-ch is the main factor responsible for checking the progress and pace of atherogenesis in uremic patients.The purpose of this paper research is to evaluate the anomalies of lipids and apolipoproteins inuremic patients treated with hemodialysis over 7 years in the Department of Haemodialysis at the Clinical Hospital of Tetovo, randomized by gender, age and underlying disease that has led to uremia. Matherial and methods; In our study are included 120 patients (66 male and 54 female) with ESRD treated with hemodialysis in Clinical Hospital in Tetovo, Nephrology and Hemodialysis Unit.