This study investigated the variation in cluster sizes distribution on a square lattice using a Fortran program to populate square lattice haven specified the lattice size and corresponding occupational probability range. This program thereafter sorts the occupied lattice sites into good label using Hoshen and Kopelman algorithm. It then identifies all clusters present within the lattice, determine the cluster sizes distribution and group the cluster(s) according to size1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and above respectively, With the entire procedure repeated for probability range starting from the initial (0.001) to the final (1.000) at a step size of 0.001 increments, tables and graphs results were then drawn, These results shows that the probability corresponding to the peak size distribution for all lattice studied increased toward threshold. Interestingly, the peak probability for size 50 and above for all studied cases suffered little absolute deviation relative to standard threshold value of 0.593 also the horizontal range of size distribution curve was noticed to reduce as size distribution increases, similarly an exponential relationship was noticed from the graph of horizontal range and corresponding size distribution for all studied cases which speculates that as x (size distribution) → ∞ that y (horizontal range) → 0 and vice versa.
Although the reinforced concrete frame-infill systems are used throughout the world, they are rarely included in the calculations of the natural period or the numerical analysis of the structures. Masonry infill (MI) walls confined by reinforced concrete (RC) frames play a crucial role, either positive or negative, in altering the lateral capacity of buildings they are applied to. This research paper carries dual targets, the first is studying the effect of the infill walls on the natural period of RC buildings with MI walls. Several configurations of infill walls are studied (considering the wall openings). The interaction between the masonry infill walls and the R.C shear walls in buildings is invistigated. Also, this study is intended with investigating the parameters of the equations presented by the Saudi Building Code (SBC) versus other codes to calculate the natural period of shear wall buildings. The second target of this paper is carrying out a nonlinear numerical investigation on the lateral behavior of RC buildings with MI walls. Different configurations of MI walls, size of wall openings, absence of MI walls in the first storey are investigated. The application buildings are either moment resisting frames (MRF) or dual shear wall-moment resisting frames (SW-MRF) buildings. Equivalent strut methodology is used and modified to model the behavior of infill walls taking into consideration the effect of opening sizes. Nonlinear static push-over analysis is carried out for the applied case study buildings.
Silk fibre is one of the important and demanded textile fibre in the sector of textile fabric and garments manufacturing. In the industrial sector the coloration of silk fabric is done by acid dyes. In this paper, laboratory experiments were done for coloration of silk fabric. For coloration two different dyes, acid dye (Nylosan Orange NRL) and reactive dye (Lanasol Orange RG) have been used with their Different recipe, separately applied on different samples but with same properties of silk fabrics. Different tests like wash fastness, rubbing fastness, perspiration test, tensile strength and elongation were conducted on the dyed samples and comparison was made among all the results from Acid dyed and Reactive dyed samples. Getting better wash fastness, better absorbency and other positive test results for reactive dyes leads to the conclusion, that dyeing of silk with reactive dye has a great prospect in textile coloration.
VVVF drives are widely used for speed control of induction motor in many Industries. Phase angle voltage controlled technique is mostly implied for soft start of induction motor however it suffers from drawbacks like retardation of the firing angle which causes lagging power factor at the input side especially at lower speed. In this paper, a new variable voltage control technique is proposed which uses only two high frequency PWM controllable switches for speed control of Induction motor .This method will be suitable for fan, pump and blower load coupled to a single phase induction motor which is used in almost all industries. The advantages of proposed method are its high power factor, high efficiency and less power consumption.The control technique used is easy and convenient. The technique used is economical and can be used in domestic and industrial Applications.
The study evaluated the effects of the 2012 flooding in Rivers State in four (4) local government areas which includes:Abua/Odual, Ahoada East, Ahoada West and Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni and what are the Town planning response(s) to these flood menace in Rivers State. Visits were made to sites of flooding where photographs were taken and analyzed. Most devastating floods were seen to be of natural causes such as River over – flow, Dam burst, and compounded by torrential rains etc. Flooding induced by the effects of these natural causes have also been seen to cause serious damage to people, damage of buildings, destruction of properties, health challenges, reduction of the aesthetic beauty of the environment, increase in poverty level and death. However man-made causes of flood disasters are seen to occur in these towns and villages being the centre of activity in many countries. Floods have brought about the displacement of many people in many countries. In some countries all floods bring about the loss of human life as well as properties. These have degenerated to uncontrolled erosion in some of the affected communities. Many flooded homes are not habitable until they are fumigated and cleared debris properly disposed. It is considered that good remedial measures could be brought in place to reduce the devastating effect of floods. However Town Planning has some respite as it emphasizes on proper settlement planning, effective spatial planning and the like to further reduce the effect of these flood hazard. The study thus recommends that the building of multifunctional safety camps/settlement would be of far reaching affect, particularly those built on high non-flood sites. Willingness and readiness to investigate and predict future flooding as well as fund the remedial proposals are important components to the management of flooding. The masses should be properly informed about the harmful effects of flooding in their areas and their role in fighting flooding through collaboration with the government and non-governmental organizations from local, state and federal governments alike.
The exposure of human to toxic heavy metal release from plastic container creates a major health hazards. The main objectives of this study was to examine the concentration of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr and Cd) in local made food containers purchased from various districts of U.P,(India), at 252C for 24hrs in different simulating solvents as per BIS, IP, USP and other guidelines by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS). The results found that leaching of heavy metals occur in all samples and showed the order: Pb(1.9-1.01ppm) in S1, S5, S4 > Cu(1.61-1.01ppm) in S4, S3, S5 > Ni(1.31-1.01ppm) in S3, S5, S2, S4 > Mn(1.01-1.001ppm) in S2, S4, S5 > Zn(1.002ppm) in S2.
Ministry of water resources and irrigation in Egypt is currently implementing projects that expand new cultivated area, as a consequence the supplies of Nile River to the existing lands will be affected. Because Egypt is an arid country with hardly any rainfall, water shortage is a major problem facing any development in Egypt, so water management is of paramount importance. The present paper aims to investigate the various options for the water resources management in El Minia governorate, one of the major provinces in Egypt. A complete map of the water resources has been prepared including irrigation and drainage processes. In addition, the political needs for distribution, management and control of the water resources have been taken into consideration. The main features of one of the famous commercially available unsteady simulation software package, the Operational Planning Distribution Model (OPDM), has been described and used to simulate water distribution system and crop yield. It has been also implemented to the selected case study to develop appropriate water plan. As the weather condition is an important factor that affects crops consumptive use of water, the monthly rate of sunlight hours, rainfall, wind speed, evaporation and relative humidity have been considered during the study period. Furthermore, the impact for allocation of the irrigation water has been investigated. Moreover, the different options have been compared from technical and economical points of view. Finally, effect of variation in both surface and groundwater quantities and qualities on the gross revenue has been presented.
This research was conducted to observe the effect of an attractive force and a repulsive force on a magnetic levitation (maglev) with the addition of a feedback control system. Initially, the study was conducted by observing the displacement gap from both type of maglev without an application of a control system. Closed loop control experiments were performed by implementing a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in order to maintain the displacement gap. Stable responses from both simulation control and experiments indicated that the PID controller can be employed to control the gap between the magnet and the levitated object. However, the results of the repulsive maglev control show faster response and smaller steady state error in comparison with the attractive maglev control.
As per the various theoretical and experimental investigations, an axial load applied at the top of long granular pile is limited by bulging within a depth of 2 to 3 diameters from the top. The radial displacements of granular pile (GP) are prevented by the confining stresses generated by the surrounding soil. The capacity and thus the overall response of GP can be enhanced by restraining or strengthening the top 2 to 3 diameter length of the granular material where the lateral confining stresses are the least. The response of single GP with consideration of radial and vertical displacements compatibility along its interface is obtained with the provision of stiffer upper part of GP vulnerable to bulging based on elastic continuum approach. The overall responses of a single GP with stiffened top in terms of settlement influence factors namely for top and tip settlement influence factors and radial displacement influence factor are evaluated in the present paper.
Studies were conducted at experimental fields of Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku for two years (2010 to 2011) in order to ascertain the effects of different surface water levels at the time of mechanical rice transplanting on plant population in terms of number of missing hills and rice productivity. A six row self propelled paddy transplanter was used for the purpose. As control treatment, rice transplanting was also carried out on muddy soil condition. Three water depths of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm were taken in account; each water depth was replicated four times. Nursery for transplanting was raised on mate type plastic trays. The results indicated that maximum paddy yield (5.20 t/ha) was obtained where water depth at transplanting time was maintained at 2.5 cm followed by transplanting in 5.0 cm water depth where the paddy yield was 4.76 t/ha. The minimum paddy yield (4.12 t/ha) was obtained where 7.5 cm water depth at transplanting time was maintained. Surplus or more than required water at transplanting time resulted in reduced growth and significantly decreased the number of missing hills m-2 which ultimately reduced the required number of plant population per acre. It was estimated that increased water depth (7.5 cm) at transplanting time decreased paddy yield by 26.2 %. However, in case of transplanting at 2.5 cm water level, maximum yield was obtained primarily due to highest number of hills per meter square, followed by increased number of productive tillers per plant and number of fertile grains per panicle.
A modified high speed Flip-Flop (FF) is edge-crafted footnote out of Topologically-Compressed Flip-Flop (TCFF). TCFF reduces power dissipation remarkably and outperforms any other techniques used in conventional FFs. This paper presents a modified TCFF, with techniques which increases the speed and hence maintaining the low power dissipation and less area of TCFF design.
Academic writing has always been the focus of many linguistic researchers, especially those who have been involved with English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Like conversation and other modes of communication, writing is a rich medium for gender performance. In fact, writing functions to construct the disciplines as well as the gender of its practitioners. Despite the significance of author’s gender as one constitutive dimension of any writing, it has relatively been under-researched. One way by means of which author’s gender is practiced and revealed in written discourse, is the incorporation and use of modal auxiliaries. Examining 40 Applied linguistics research articles (20 written by non-native Iranian male and 20 written by non-native Iranian female writers), the present study sought to examine whether male and female non-native Iranian writers differed in their use of such elements. To do this, Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985) model of mood and modality was employed as an analytical framework to identify the type of these elements. The significance of difference in their distribution in academic research articles written by non-native Iranian male and female authors was checked using the statistical analysis technique of chi-square. The results of the study did not show any significant difference in the categorical distribution of mood and modality, however, significant results were observed in the overall distributions of modal elements. The finding of the present study can provide a sound basis for the development of pedagogic materials.
In the present paper we prove two theorems on the representation of the space of sampling operators and the spaces of their adjoint operators respectively. Our theorems include the corresponding results of Zimmermann [Z 94,theorems 6.2.1 and 6.2.5] for the particular value of the moderate weight function.
The aim of paper is to achieve a precise level measurement in the field of industrial tank. The principle of measurement is based on Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR), which is well known measurement technique in telecommunication industries for evaluating electric and dielectric property of various material. Despite all advancement made within last few years, there is still lack of low cost, small TDR meter equipment in market. This paper proposes a design leads to development of low cost TDR meter with high resolution. In order to achieve high resolution, an extremely small time of incident and reflection pulse is thus required to be precisely measured. The key techniques of pulse generation and time measurement are introduce with the selection of Guided Radar Probe (GWR) for accuracy even when the measurement within a highly unstable environment. The measurement is accomplished with the Charge Time Measurement Unit (CTMU), which is responsible to measure time with 3.5 ps resolution. Hardware design were discuss with the various parameter. Due to low cost and get rid of complex laboratory setup, the TDR meter can be used in field of chemical, petroleum, shipbuilding and geoscience industries.
Different analytical and numerical methods are commonly used to solve transient heat conduction problems. In this problem, the use of Alternating Direct Implicit scheme (ADI) was adopted to solve temperature variation within an infinitesimal long bar of a square cross-section. The bottom right quadrant of the square cross-section of the bar was selected. The surface of the bar was maintained at constant temperature and temperature variation within the bar was evaluated within a time frame. The Laplace equation governing the 2-dimesional heat conduction was solved by iterative schemes as a result of the time variation. The modelled problem using COMSOL-MULTIPHYSICS software validated the result of the ADI analysis. On comparing the Modelled results from COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS and the results from ADI iterative scheme graphically, there was an high level of agreement between both results.
Distributed systems play an important role on achieving good performance and high system utilization. The goal of a job scheduling system is to efficiently manage the distributed computing power of workstations, servers, and supercomputers in order to maximize job throughput and system utilization. There are many issues of distributed computing system which are discussed in this paper in brief. The main aim is to focus on fault tolerance and recover fault with less processing time. The proposed algorithm is assign tasks to other nodes only when candidate node moves from its original position. The major problem in this architecture is task scheduling, if one slave node get failed the task allocated by master node will not get completed and fault occurred. In this work, we have worked on technique which helps to reduce fault tolerance of the system and increase performance of the system.
White LEDs are labelled as solid state semiconductor lighting, which will act as future generation lighting to replace conventional lamp and backlight due to the advantages of low power consumption, free of mercury, high response, no thermal radiation, long life time, high stability and so on. Currently available phosphor in the market mainly they are high correlated colour temperature, low Colour Rendering Index, synthesis process is difficult. Phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes for indoor illumination need to be warm white (i.e., correlated colour temperature, 4000 K) with good colour rendition (i.e., colour rendering index 80). For the synthesis of new phosphor, the concept, as well as the methodology of using a mineral-inspired approach in combination with solution parallel synthesis (SPS) for exploration of new phosphors among Na/K, Sr (Ba)/Sc-silicate along with the artificial library, is reported. Moreover, the compositional tuning of the properties of extended solids through solid solution; sometimes referred to as the game of x and y, as, for example, in K1-xNaxSr1-yBayScSi2O7 is also demonstrated. Our expected out come to develop new phosphor using mineral inspired methodology for develop high luminous efficiency and CRI of the phosphor.
The toxicity of PPAR-4; partial peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, was evaluated in a comprehensive nonclinical toxicology program that included single-dose oral toxicity studies in mice and rats; repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats; a battery of in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity studies; carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats; reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rats. Pharmacologically mediated changes, similar to those observed with other PPARγ agonists, were observed following chronic administration and included subcutaneous edema, hematologic/hematopoietic and serum chemistry alterations, and morphologic findings in the heart and adipose tissue in rats. PPAR-4 was nongenotoxic in the standard battery of genotoxicity studies. Gallbladder adenomas in male mice and adipocyte neoplasms in male and female rats were seen at suprapharmacologic exposures, whereas urinary bladder tumors occurred in male rats at lower exposures. PPAR-4 had no effects on reproductive function in male and female rats at high systemic exposures, was not teratogenic in rats and demonstrated no selective developmental toxicity. Overall, there were no nonclinical findings that precluded the safe administration of PPAR-4 to humans.
Continuous wetting and drying of soils cause a cyclic process of swelling, shrinkage and cracking that adversely impacts the geotechnical properties and behaviour of these soils. In particular, continuous drying and shrinkage of soil might lead to the development of interconnected cracks to form polygonal blocks that significantly reduce the soil strength and stability. In this paper, 3D numerical modelling using Electrical Resistivity Tomography method is adopted for simulating polygonal cracks, commonly found in soils. The cracks are simuated in dry and wet soils at different scenarios. The results showed that the method is sensitive to soil cracking due to the high resistivity contrast between the cracked soil and the intact surrounding soil. As the air-filled cracks are infinitely resistive, soil cracks are reflected in the models as anomalous high resistivity spots that can be distinguished from the background. The geometry and cracking depth can be identified particularly in cases where the crack intersects the soil at the surface due to the departure of the electrical current.
A Numerical simulation was carried out to study transient groundwater seepage into equally ditch drains receiving water from a ponded field of homogeneous anisotropic soil
This study has addressed the effects of urbanization on the land use pattern of Bori. The study objectives were to examine the land use pattern in Bori as at 1972 when the Master Plan for the settlement was prepared; examine the land use changes that have since then; describe the characteristics of the migrants into Bori and their reasons for moving into the place; and recommend ways to deal with the effects of urbanization, especially on land use. The study used both primary and secondary data. The main instrument used to collect primary data was a pre-coded household questionnaire administered face-to-face to a carefully selected sample of 150 heads of households. Primary data were also collected through personal observation, interview of key informants and photography. Secondary information was obtained from published and unpublished sources, including the internet. The Master Plan for Bori, prepared in 1972 was found particularly useful. Analysis of questionnaire data was carried out with the aid of the computer, using the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results were summarized using simple summary statistics, especially percentages, sometimes presented as charts and tables. Hypotheses were tested using the Chi Square test of independence between two cross-tabulated variables. The study found among others that the population of Bori had grown from 6,000 persons in 1972 to 23,741 in 2013, with in-migrants constituting 26.7% of the population. The latter were mainly people in the active age groups, with low education and mainly traders.
The biggest reason for reduction of energy in the wireless sensor network is the communication. Nearly 70% of sensor node energy is used in the transmission of data. Efficient usage of energy in sensor node is a desirable method to improve the life time of WSN. In order to improve the lifetime of the network energy efficient routing protocols should be designed. This paper will study the LEACH and enhancements in the LEACH. The improvements are made by changing the selection mechanism of cluster head node. The selection of the cluster head (CH) is based on the parameters such as 1) Energy 2) position of nodes 3) Distance of nodes from base station. Many improved version of LEACH are also studied in this paper.
Nowadays Induction heating applications are quickly gaining popularity. Induction Heating technology not only offers the advantage of having a better efficiency conversion compared to the other standard technologies like resistive heating, Electric heating, Gas heating but also offers Induction heating offers the advantages of rapid heating, local pot heating, direct heating, high power density, high reliability, low running cost and non-acoustic noise. This Paper summarizes the different Voltage Source Inverters for Induction Heating technology with its development in Domestic IH applications and contains Voltage Source Inverter topologies like Basic voltage source inverter, Single switch VSI, Multi-output VSI for Domestic IH.
During April and May 2013 , citrus included sweet orange (C. sinensis) and mandarin (C.reticulate Planco) showing typical symptoms of witches broom disease were detected from different fields located at AL-Sharqia, AL-Qalyubia and Ismalia, governorates in Egypt. The detected phytoplasma from diseased samples was transmitted by grafting to healthy citrus plants and by dodder to healthy periwinkle plants. DNA extracted from symptomatic samples was used as template for amplification of products of 1.8 kb using universal primer pair P1/P7 and 1.2 kb using primer R16F2n/ R16R2 by direct and nested PCR. Pleomorphic bodies typical to phytoplasma structures were observed in phloem sieve elements in ultrathin sections of infected plants using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Phytoplasma infection resulted in ultrastructure changes especially in sieve elements, as obliteration and necrosis were observed. The ultrastructure changes were expanded to the cell wall, cell membrane and callose deposition on the cell wall was also observed.
In this study, Hybrid constructed wetlands were used to remove lead (Pb) with pre-treatment by Bio coagulation with Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extract. Performance of vegetated Horizontal Surface-Flow (Eichhornia crassipes) and Vertical Flow Wetlands (Canna indica) were evaluated. Finally the effluent from the wetland system was subjected to Adsorption by Charcoal Gravity Filter. Hourly analysis of lead concentration in cultivation sample for both Horizontal flow system and vertical flow system were done by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer. The Optimum dosage of Bio coagulant extract of Moringa oleifera was found to be 20 mg/litre, with removal efficiency of 79.3 %. The Optimum Removal efficiency was found to be 16.5% by Eichhornia crassipes and 96.5% by Canna indica, with a detention period of 1 hour. The removal efficiency of lead with Activated charcoal column filter was 99.99%. The overall performance of the Advanced Hybrid Wetland system was found to be 99.99% in removal of lead (Pb). The concentration of Lead was determined by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS-201).
The object in the present study is to provide a simple route for synthesizing highly pure nano-sized β-tricalcium phosphate (β –TCP) and α-tricalcium phosphate (α –TCP) powders. Apatitic -tricalcium phosphate (ap-TCP) powders were synthesized through wet chemical precipitation method using a diammonium phosphate solution (NH4)2HPO4 and a calcium nitrate tetrahydrate solution Ca(NO3)2,4H2O as precursor materials, with a Ca/P molar ratio 1.50 from the initial reagents, calcining the powders at 800 and 1200°C to obtain single phase β –TCP and α –TCP respectively. The synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that high purity and well-crystallized β –TCP and α –TCP powders could be obtained.
With the evolution of modern technology, wireless network has change the style of communication. It has become the most convenient way for common people to communicate. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is considered as a subset of wireless network that does not contain the centralized administration. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of randomly distributed node and communicates with each other using radio waves without any defined infrastructure. Many researchers have proposed several efficient routing protocols for MANET with defined software specification. This paper analyses the performance of Proactive (DSDV) routing protocol and Reactive (AODV) routing protocol on different hardware specification. We evaluate the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocol with different processor, i.e. core 2duo and core i3 by using random way point mobility model on NS-2. We examine the performance of these protocols on different processors in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and end-to-end delay.
Automobile industries are working hard to increase the performance of the vehicle and customers satisfaction level since decade particularly after 1950 but it always faced the problems to improve quality at least cost. In the present scenario industries are dealing with dynamically changing constraints to meet the challenges in the competitive environment worldwide. Over the last few years the Indian auto industries have created a robust infrastructure base and thereby all the other world’s leading manufactures have setup their manufacturing units in India. Among all the techniques, Value engineering is one of the best tool to achieve the requirement of consumers and can be applied at any level of product process system or services. In this paper the application of such approach resulted in 21.97 % overall improvement in acceptability and saleability of vehicles in a particular segment. The factors like safety, cost fuel efficiency, braking traction, aesthetic etc. have been used as decision making parameters. This technique enhances the feasibility and acceptability of products worldwide.
The Artificial Neural Network approach is utilized in this study for modeling rainfall in Cross River State, Nigeria. The architecture employed for model development is Feed Forward Back-Propagation Architecture [FFBPA]. The model is developed to forecast 12 months rainfall in advance. The study considers three major local government areas in Cross River State; and three separate ANN models were developed using MATLAB for these areas. Rainfall data ranging from 2004 to 2014 were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency [NIMET] and used for training the models based on Gradient Descent Training Algorithm [GDTA]. The effect of number of hidden nodes on the result is examined by varying its numerical value; and with this, the best model was chosen based on Mean Square Error [MSE]. The study showed that the best performance was obtained when the number of nodes in the hidden layer was equal to the number of nodes in the input layer.
A new tetradentate schiff-base derived from 2-benzoyl benzoic acid with O-phenylene diamine have namely[2,2'-(1E,1'Z)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azan-1–yl-1-ylidene)bis(phenylmethan -1-yl-1-ylidene)dibenzoic acid].Tetradental schiff base type (NNOO) have been synthesized and characterized using IR, UV, 1H& 13C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis.
Visual cryptography is a technique of information security which is simpler and easy to decrypt by human visual system without any computational aid. Visual cryptography uses simple algorithm unlike the complex, computationally intensive algorithms used in other techniques of traditional cryptography. VC encrypts secret image into shares such that stacking the minimum desired no. of shares reconstructs the secret image. Shares are usually presented in transparencies. In this survey, we will summarize the latest developments of VCS since its inception, the main research work in this area, the current problems and possible solutions for them. Directions for future VC work along with its applications will also be studied.
The speed at which World -Wide -Web (WWW) is growing round the clock spreds its arms from smaler collections of web pages to a massive hub of web information which gradually increases the complexity of crawling process.search engines handles enourmous quaries from different part of the univers to retrieve most of the relevant results in response to answer the user queries, and it is solely depends on knowledge that it gathers by means of crawling. To tackle this issue the Focused web crawlers are emerging. The crawler is kept focused to the user interests toward the topic, thus crawling processes should be optimum.to make optimum crawling one should use available optimization techniques. This paper proposes a web carawler using genetic algorithm. For selecting more truthfull and proper web pages by web crawler the genetic algorithm as optimization technique has been used. It uses similarity measures which is use to determine the relevancy of the web pages.The results showed that our approach displays with higher quality expected result than traditional focused crawling techniques.
Hybrid WDM-TDM Passive optical networks (PON) combine both wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) into a single PON, offering reduced cost, high scalability and increased data rates, hence hybrid PONs are currently effective solutions. The objective of this paper is to investigate and analyse various digital modulation schemes in conjuction with the hybrid WDM-TDM architecture, and implement a PON with efficient performance at 2.5 Gbps data rate, while trying to reduce costs. Radio-over-fiber technlogy (RoF) is used as it allows direct transmission of radio frequency (RF) through the fiber without the need of frequency conversion at the reciever. Digital modulation techniques like QPSK, M-PSK, M-QAM provide high spectral efficiency and better utilization of bandwidth. In this paper, 8-DPSK and 16-QAM are investigated for 2.5 Gbps, 4 Gbps and 5 Gbps, for a standard single mode fiber length of 25 km, and the performance is compared for hybrid PON architecture. It is shown that 16-QAM offers better performance at higher data rates. The performance analysis is based on eye diagrams, constellation diagrams, OSNR, and received optical power. OptiSystem simulation software package is used for simulation.
It is focused that ‘Darwin’ theory already established that “Human Ancestor” shares common ancestry with “Ape”. “Man” differs from “Manthi”?... This scientific research focus that Human shall be considered created by “RAMANUJAM MANTHIRAM” and lived in MARS PLANET in the early universe and descended to EARTH PLANET during “Dark age” in the expanding universe.
In this work the ESD performance of BCD technology will be investigated at circuit level. Different types of structures and the layout effect on ESD robustness will be addressed. The correlation between ESD robustness obtained with different test methods (HBM and TLP) will be also presented.
The principle point of this research study is to explore the effects of organizational culture on job performance and productivity in the setting of United States which is the center of multinational organizations. This study would focus on technology industry with key objectives
In the recent time, it was observed that interest in geography was diminishing as indicated in the low enrolment by students in the senior secondary certificate examination (SSCE). The poor image of geography among students was attributed partly to the wide content and partly to the old fashioned approach to the teaching of the subject. Hence, this study sought to find the effect of note-taking patterns on students in interest in geography. A non equivalent quasi-experimental design was adopted by the research. Two hundred and twenty five students in three intact classes from each three secondary schools in Enugu South Local Government of Enugu State form the sample. The experiment was conducted during the students’ normal class periods and their regular teachers trained by the research taught the students under the supervision of the researcher. One intact class was randomly assigned experimental group one, another experimental group two and the third the control group. A research question and a hypothesis guided the study. Experimental group one was taught using knowledge mapping note-taking pattern the experimental group two was taught using conventional method note-taking pattern while the control group was taught without any defined pattern of taking note. Interest scale` on geography (ISOG) was used for data collection. Means and standard deviation were used for answering the research question while the hypothesis was tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results of the study revealed that students taught using knowledge mapping note-taking pattern showed more interest in studying geography more than the other two groups of the study. Some recommendations were therefore made on how to get both teachers in training and the serving teachers to get acquainted with this method of note-taking patter in teaching and learning geography in schools.
The purpose of the study was to investigate into the measures of equivalence as a predictor of student’s reliability in biology objective test scores in secondary schools. The design of the study was correlation and the population was all the 1756 biology students of the senior secondary school two (SS 2) in the 2013/2014 academic session. Simple random sampling (battling without replacement) was used to sample 450 students from 14 secondary schools in Ezeagu Local Government area of Enugu Slate. The instrument for data collection was biology objective test (BOT). Pearson ‘r’ and t-test were used to correlate and test the hypothesis at 5% level of confidence. Based on the analyzed data, it was found out that out of the 10 schools studied, the measure of equivalence of objective test scores had significant reliability in seven schools. The reliability was significant in the co-educational and boys schools. In the girls' schools, the reliability was not significant
This work deals with a study on the laminar convective heat flow of a homemade air condition ing unit through a computational fluid dynamics simulation. With adoption of chilled water as the working fluid within a tube section of the evaporative compartment of the homemade air conditioner whose radius is 5mm and Height 20mm .The numerical analysis was carried out using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS.Simulation was carried out, using 〖(276K (3〗^° c) as the inlet temperature and 〖293K (20〗^° c) as the outlet temperature with a flow rate of 0.15 m^3â„s. The result showed the velocity profile of the working fluid and the temperature distribution before, during and after heat exchange, helping to achieve a Visual understanding of the Laminar convective fluid and heat flow phenomena within the cooling coil.
Traffic is a major contributor of air pollution. Mixed traffic rise and the rise of pollution are proportional to each other. This paper is an effort to set a relationship of human being to the exposures of traffic pollution. Human being is exposed to traffic pollution in short term and long term exposures which further leads to acute and chronic symptoms of the human body. Traffic contributes to pollutants that are emitted from auto- exhausts .Exhaust pollutants like SO2, No2, PM (Particulate Matter), RSPM are found to be contributing the rise in pollution levels. Traffic related pollution RSPM2.5 is drawing more concern for physiological functions of human body. Study and analysis is done to evaluate the relationship between human, traffic and RSPM and RSPM with asthma. Case considers Kalbadevi, Bandra station road, A.B. Road, K C Road junctions of a metropolitan city Mumbai.These junctions have mixed traffic flow and maximum time of congestions. Further evaluation of mixed traffic, traffic congestions and asthma is related. Human health is considered for the diagnosis of the physiological functions and respiratory diseases such as asthma, pulmonary obstructions.Further impact study is done on the basis of questionnaire.Prevalance of asthma is monitored among people exposed to congestions directly and when compared with the control group.
In this paper we have proposed a new testability assessment model for object oriented software based on existing software testability models for object oriented software. The model is based on those six important internal programming features of object oriented design and six external quality factors which are not used before together at the same time in-spite of being highlighted in some or other research. These design features are assessed using popular static object oriented metrics and their link with testability is established indirectly through the affected quality factors. The model is further analysed using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach. The model is validated using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The proposed model and evaluation technique helps software engineering practitioners to choose the best alternative amongst available options by analysing the Testability not only at internal level but also at external quality level too.
This study presents the design of an electromagnetically-actuated double-acting reciprocating pump for industrial applications. This concept was developed to replace the conventional rotating crank principle traditionally used to actuate a double-acting reciprocating pump. An electromagnetic oscillator is designed using two linearly placed electromagnets. The electromagnets are designed to achieve translational and oscillatory motion by means of a circuit designed to alternate the polarities of one of the electromagnets and control the speed of oscillation. The electromagnetic oscillator is coupled to a double-acting reciprocating pump for which pump rate, fluid discharge and pressure are measured at the pump outlet. The purpose of this model is to achieve compactness in line with versatility.
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. Attempts to control the quality of voice of synthesized speech have existed for more than a decade now. Several prototypes and fully operating systems also have been built based on different synthesis technique. This article reviews recent advances in research and development of speech synthesis with focus on one of the key approaches i.e. statistical parametric approach to speech synthesis based on HMM, so as to provide a technological perspective. In this approach, spectrum, excitation, and duration of speech are simultaneously modeled by context dependent HMMs, and speech waveforms are generated from the HMMs themselves. This paper aims to give an overview of what has been done in this field, summarize and compare the characteristics of various speech synthesis techniques used.
With increasing vulnerability and intensity of weather extremes, anticipation of severe events is a fundamental element to protect the society by reducing the socioeconomic damage effectively. The objective of this paper is to propose the networking model for the emergency management system using heterogeneous networks to predict and prevent the floods. The study of prediction of flood includes the various input parameters such as soil moisture, air pressure, direction of wind and seasons. The model is designed in an approach that the system can accept different types of requests of different formats through various sub-networks virtual. The arrangement is equipped to accept the surplus networks to the existing network with the routing policies been opted to meet the major concerns over the networks to meet the service parameter.
MEMS is a micro-electro-mechanical system. It has actively developed into research and development in a broader range of applications, such as in analog system, switches, and in communication system, such as in the oscillator, filter part of RF transceivers.MEMS resonator have potential to replace the available technologies like quartz crystal resonator, LC filters, ceramic filter, SAW filters. There are different types of MEMS resonator such as clamped free resonator ,clamped-clamped resonator, free-free resonator, disc resonator. MEMS resonators can be utilized to meet the increasing count of RF components likely to be demanded by the next generation multi-band/multi-mode wireless devices, as it needs less area, less power consumption, less material.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient method of data transmission for high speed communication systems. The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted over a number of subcarriers. OFDM has several characteristics such as providing greater immunity to multipath fading & impulse noise improves the bandwidth efficiency. But, OFDM suffers a serious drawback of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). There are several methods has been proposed to reduce PAPR, clipping and filtering is one of them. But the existing Clipping and filtering method has in-band and out-band losses that degrade the system performance. So we proposed a new algorithm called pumping based clipping method to reduce these losses and increase system efficiency. In this method the input signal is first pumped by an amplifier circuit that increases only the amplitude but doesn’t power of this signal. After that an anti peak signal is generated by Gaussian function. Then the pumping signal is clipped by the anti peak signal to get clipping signal. By pumping the input signal before clipping is reduce the in-band and out-band losses and Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the system. Hence the Bit Error Rate (BER) as well as the overall system performance is increased by this method.
Load forecasting is very important for power system planning, its operation and control. It has vital importance in electric industry. There are many applications of load forecasting which includes energy purchasing and generation, load switching, contract evaluation, and infrastructure development. It is very important for energy suppliers, financial institutions, and other participants in electric energy generation, transmission, distribution, and markets. It is helpful for peak demand levels and energy consumption patterns. It is also very helpful for an electric utility to make important decisions in power system. Forecasting means estimation of active load at various load buses ahead of an actual load occurrence. A good forecasting model has to capture some important features like economy, climate, weather, human activities, interactions etc. Planning and operational application of load forecasting requires certain lead time known as forecasting intervals. Depending upon the time interval it is divided in to three categories i.e. Long term load forecasting, Medium term load forecasting, Short term load forecasting. A good forecaster takes in to account the various demographic factors which will affect the future load e.g. population, temperature, humidity etc. In case of long term load forecasting, population will affect the most, the other two factors will have more importance in short term load forecasting. For load forecasting different methodologies are adopted. The various methodologies are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic Models and Genetic algorithm.
Soil stabilization means alteration of the soils properties to meet the specified engineering requirements. Methods for the stabilization are compaction and use of admixtures. Lime, Cement was commonly used as stabilizer for altering the properties of soils. From the recent studies it is observed that, waste materials such as flyash, rice husk ash, Waste Stone Powder, pyroclastic rock dust and Waste tire cord are used for this intended purpose with or without lime or cement. Disposal of these waste materials is essential as these may cause hazardous effects on the environment. With the same intention literature study was undertaken on utilization of waste materials for the stabilization of soils and same is presented here.
This paper targets to argument out the numerousstagesof low cost building constituents for low cost housing by underlining the dissimilarbuildingskill like bonus of local obtainableresources and the economicgainsattained by its adoption. In a building for footing, walls, doors and windows, floors and roofs are the most essential components, which can be analyzed separately, based on the needs thus, improving the speed of construction and reducing the construction worth. The major current methods of construction schemes considered here are namely, structural stone walls, wooden columns and trusses, grass roofing components. Here we just performed thecomparison between first class material and nearbyobtainablelow cost materials. From the result we identified that low cost materials provides 18.14 percent profit than first class materials.
Reversible logic gates are very interesting topic for research due to less heat dissipation and low power consumption. Reversible logic gates are used in various applications such as CMOS design, Quantum computing, Nanotechnology, Cryptography, Optical computing, DNA computing, Digital signal processing (DSP), Communication computer graphics. Quantum computing is not realized without implementation of reversible logic .Main purposes of designing of reversible logic gates are to decrease quantum cost, garbage output, no. of gates. In this paper we present a proposed design of Encoder using Feynman and Fredkin reversible logic gates.
Today reversible computing is more interesting research area to dwindle power consumption and reduction in heat dissipation. Reversible computing involves number of input and output lines which must be the same. Reversible computing is used in Nano-technology, low power CMOS design, Optical computing and Quantum computing .This paper shows that reversible proposed design of carry look-ahead adder using reversible Peres gate and Feynman gate to dwindle the garbage output, gate count and quantum cost as compare to existing design. The carry select adder using reversible gates is obtained with DPG gates and Modified Fredkin gates. Results are simulated in Xilinx software by using VHDL language.
Encryption is widely used to ensure security in data storage and communication systems. This paper introduces a new concept for image encryption using a new method. In this method, the private key is an image that converted into RGB numbers and the public key is random integers used to permutate the plaintext. The location of the RGB numbers will be used to encrypt the plaintext. The performance of this algorithm is discussed against common attacks such as the brute force attack, ciphertext attacks and plaintext attacks. The analysis shows the strength of this algorithm. The results show that the algorithm is suitable for securing multimedia applications and they have the potential to secure communication systems in a variety of wired/wireless scenarios such as mobile phone services and smartcards.
Multilevel inverters have been attracting in favor of industry as well as academia recently for highand medium power applications. In addition, switched waveforms can be synthesized by multilevel inverters in order to achieve lower levels of harmonic distortion than an equivalently rated two-level converter. Decreasing the harmonic distortion in the output waveform can be achieved by using multilevel inverter topology without decreasing the inverter power output. Moreover, multilevel inverter have the ability to generate high quality output waveforms with a low switching frequency. This paper presents the most important topologies like Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter (NPCMLI), Clamped/Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (CCMLI), and Cascaded H-Bridges Multilevel Inverter (CHMLI). This paper also presents the comparison between four types of multilevel inverter in Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) and Individual rating comparison. Also, this paper shows FFT the simulation results for THD. Authors strongly believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the relevant references in the field of topologies and modulation strategies of multilevel inverter.
Since Cloud computing is a new fields having more research work to be done specially in the field of security. Cloud Computing enables various users to send the data over internet which is then stored at data centers, but there is less chance that data is secure and can’t be access by the un-authorized users or chances of data loss. Hence Security is an important concern in the cloud computing. Although there are various techniques implemented for the security of cloud data so that it can be access by the un-authorized users and privacy is maintained on user’s data. Here in this paper a new and efficient technique is implemented for the security of cloud storage data and quick retrieval of cloud data.
This paper deals to obtain the dynamic response of load frequency and corresponding tie-line power of an automatic generation control (AGC) in three area interconnected thermal power system by using three different controller; One is Conventional (PI) Controller, Second is Intelligent (Fuzzy) Controller and Third is Evolutionary (GA for tuning of PID Controller) Controller. In this paper Evolutionary controller are proposed for improving the performance of load frequency and tie-line power and their dynamic responses are compared with the conventional and intelligent controller’s responses. The results indicate that the proposed controller exhibit better performance and satisfy the automatic generation control requirements with a reasonable dynamic response. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Rice bran is the by-product of the rice milling industries so in view of growing need and consciousness about the nutritional and functional properties the rice bran is very important co-product. In this research article the methods were described regarding different chemicals with different concentration in controlling the activity of lipase enzyme and ultimately to maximize its oil recovery from the rice bran during 60 days of storage in a room temperature. The use of hydrochloric acid at concentration of about 30ml/Kg helps greatly in controlling the lipase enzyme activity and reduces the % of FFA while the other chemicals used in this study (Phosphoric acid, Acetic acid, Sodium metabisulphite) failed to control in the rise of free fatty acid contents. The chemicals can be applied easily by sprinkling or spraying. This operation done on small rice bran lots through manual hand mixing. This method of chemical stabilization of rice bran is really a useful method in the rice mills where there is shortage of electricity or steaming facility.
This paper presents a new method to control of robot manipulator in task space. In the proposed control method, a combination of feedback linearization, sliding mode control and first-order TSK fuzzy system has been utilized.
Solar, hydro-power, wind and biomass which are the major renewable energy sources in Nigeria can be better utilized to suit the purpose of promoting energy stability in Nigeria towards encouraging entrepreneurship growth for enhancement of social and economic development. This is against the backdrop of the present state of energy supply which is inadequate, unreliable, epileptic and promises to be much more expensive as withdrawal of fuel subsidy is strongly being contemplated by government. The worst hit by the menace of the energy crisis are the small and medium scale enterprises. This paper examined entrepreneurship development, renewable energy sources, their development and observed that the deliberate policy of government to develop entrepreneurial skills amongst the citizenry, will only succeed when the problem of energy availability is properly addressed. Suggestions made included: Investment in research and development in renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency projects to be supported by establishment of a special trust fund; involvement of private sector participation in the development of renewable energy, workable government policies and collaboration with relevant international agencies to fully tap the gains of renewable energy.
India is an agricultural country and plant disease plays key role in the production of agricultural products. Earlier detection will helps to improve the quality and quantity of the products. The proposed system is a detection of bacterial infection on tomato and crape jasmine leaves. Bacterial disease can be detected as brown-black colour spot and centre becomes dry. Tomato is a major agricultural crop and crape jasmine is an herb. The developed method consists of six steps: Image Acquisition, Colour Transformation, Filtering, Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Classification. The first step is image acquisition in which infected leaves are photographed. In colour transformation step an RGB image is converted into YIQ colour space. Then I channel alone taken for further analysis. After that, Median filter is applied for image smoothing and filtering. Next Otsu’s thresholding is used to detect the infected disease spot. Over segmented image, the Haralick texture features are extracted and stored. Finally classification is done based on various types of classification algorithm. From that Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm on Tomato leaves provides 86% accuracy and 94% accuracy on Crape Jasmine leaves.
Recent advances in computing and developments in technology have facilitated the routine collection and storage of medical data that can be used to support medical decisions.In most cases however, there is a need for the collected data to be analysed in order for a medical decision to be drawn, whether this involves diagnosis, prediction, course of treatment,or signal and image analysis. Intelligent machine learning methods such as neural computing and support vector machines can be shown to be suitable approaches to such complex tasks.
Cloud computing is deployed in the data centre where physical machine are virtualized. Cloud computing being the new technology has both advantages and disadvantages; one of the issues which cloud computing faces is load balancing. More than one virtual machine runs above the Virtualization. Load balancing in cloud computing is emerging topic which needs to be researched and study. The data centre is built with lots of systems where balancing is not an easy task especially for cloud computing. Most of the research is done in distributed environments. Using of dynamic semi-distributed load balancing in cloud computing is not discussed in any literature, wherever distributed load balancing on cloud computing is already in the list. By using the method of semi-distributed load balancing we can design a new method for the cloud computing. This paper proposed to design a better load balance for the cloud computing which can be applied in every central node of the cluster.
In this paper, nanostructures have been developed on silicon wafer and thus synthesized to characterize optical and electrical properties. The wafer was synthesized using electro-less metal deposition and dissolution (EMD) process leading to one-dimensional (1-D) growth of single-crystalline nanowire. from the optical characterization curve it can be determined that a nanowire has the same property possessed by any of optical filters as light of certain wavelength cannot pass whereas other wavelength in a different range can easily transmit through it. In I-V characteristics curve, a rapid current flow was found after a certain input voltage (4.17v for Cu and 4.32v for Ag samples respectively).
The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of cognitive- based vs. text based learning strategies on Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. To fulfill this purpose, 90 intermediate students of Ofogh Foreign Language Institute in Gorgan were selected among 120 students attending courses at this institute through taking part in a Preliminary English Test (PET) and assigned to two experimental and one control groups. The same content was taught to all groups while one experimental group was treated with cognitive-based strategies and the other one with text-based strategies, and the control group instruction was limited to the conventional instruction. A reading test was given to students in all groups before and after the instruction and the mean scores of groups on the posttest were compared through an independent samples t-test which led to the rejection of the null hypotheses, thus concluding that cognitive-based and text-based learning strategies have a significant effect on the Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension.
Automobile industries are working hard to increase the performance of the vehicle and customers satisfaction level since decade particularly after 1950 but it always faced the problems to improve quality at least cost. In the present scenario industries are dealing with dynamically changing constraints to meet the challenges in the competitive environment worldwide. Over the last few years the Indian auto industries have created a robust infrastructure base and thereby all the other world’s leading manufactures have setup their manufacturing units in India. Among all the techniques, Value engineering is one of the best tool to achieve the requirement of consumers and can be applied at any level of product process system or services. In this paper the application of such approach resulted in 21.97 % overall improvement in acceptability and saleability of vehicles in a particular segment. The factors like safety, cost fuel efficiency, braking traction, aesthetic etc. have been used as decision making parameters. This technique enhances the feasibility and acceptability of products worldwide.
The Artificial Neural Network approach is utilized in this study for modeling rainfall in Cross River State, Nigeria. The architecture employed for model development is Feed Forward Back-Propagation Architecture [FFBPA]. The model is developed to forecast 12 months rainfall in advance. The study considers three major local government areas in Cross River State; and three separate ANN models were developed using MATLAB for these areas. Rainfall data ranging from 2004 to 2014 were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency [NIMET] and used for training the models based on Gradient Descent Training Algorithm [GDTA]. The effect of number of hidden nodes on the result is examined by varying its numerical value; and with this, the best model was chosen based on Mean Square Error [MSE]. The study showed that the best performance was obtained when the number of nodes in the hidden layer was equal to the number of nodes in the input layer.
A new tetradentate schiff-base derived from 2-benzoyl benzoic acid with O-phenylene diamine have namely[2,2'-(1E,1'Z)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azan-1–yl-1-ylidene)bis(phenylmethan -1-yl-1-ylidene)dibenzoic acid].Tetradental schiff base type (NNOO) have been synthesized and characterized using IR, UV, 1H& 13C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis.
Visual cryptography is a technique of information security which is simpler and easy to decrypt by human visual system without any computational aid. Visual cryptography uses simple algorithm unlike the complex, computationally intensive algorithms used in other techniques of traditional cryptography. VC encrypts secret image into shares such that stacking the minimum desired no. of shares reconstructs the secret image. Shares are usually presented in transparencies. In this survey, we will summarize the latest developments of VCS since its inception, the main research work in this area, the current problems and possible solutions for them. Directions for future VC work along with its applications will also be studied.
The speed at which World -Wide -Web (WWW) is growing round the clock spreds its arms from smaler collections of web pages to a massive hub of web information which gradually increases the complexity of crawling process.search engines handles enourmous quaries from different part of the univers to retrieve most of the relevant results in response to answer the user queries, and it is solely depends on knowledge that it gathers by means of crawling. To tackle this issue the Focused web crawlers are emerging. The crawler is kept focused to the user interests toward the topic, thus crawling processes should be optimum.to make optimum crawling one should use available optimization techniques. This paper proposes a web carawler using genetic algorithm. For selecting more truthfull and proper web pages by web crawler the genetic algorithm as optimization technique has been used. It uses similarity measures which is use to determine the relevancy of the web pages.The results showed that our approach displays with higher quality expected result than traditional focused crawling techniques.
This work deals with a study on the laminar convective heat flow of a homemade air condition ing unit through a computational fluid dynamics simulation. With adoption of chilled water as the working fluid within a tube section of the evaporative compartment of the homemade air conditioner whose radius is 5mm and Height 20mm .The numerical analysis was carried out using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS.Simulation was carried out, using 〖(276K (3〗^° c) as the inlet temperature and 〖293K (20〗^° c) as the outlet temperature with a flow rate of 0.15 m^3â„s. The result showed the velocity profile of the working fluid and the temperature distribution before, during and after heat exchange, helping to achieve a Visual understanding of the Laminar convective fluid and heat flow phenomena within the cooling coil.
Traffic is a major contributor of air pollution. Mixed traffic rise and the rise of pollution are proportional to each other. This paper is an effort to set a relationship of human being to the exposures of traffic pollution. Human being is exposed to traffic pollution in short term and long term exposures which further leads to acute and chronic symptoms of the human body. Traffic contributes to pollutants that are emitted from auto- exhausts .Exhaust pollutants like SO2, No2, PM (Particulate Matter), RSPM are found to be contributing the rise in pollution levels. Traffic related pollution RSPM2.5 is drawing more concern for physiological functions of human body. Study and analysis is done to evaluate the relationship between human, traffic and RSPM and RSPM with asthma. Case considers Kalbadevi, Bandra station road, A.B. Road, K C Road junctions of a metropolitan city Mumbai.These junctions have mixed traffic flow and maximum time of congestions. Further evaluation of mixed traffic, traffic congestions and asthma is related. Human health is considered for the diagnosis of the physiological functions and respiratory diseases such as asthma, pulmonary obstructions.Further impact study is done on the basis of questionnaire.Prevalance of asthma is monitored among people exposed to congestions directly and when compared with the control group.
In this paper we have proposed a new testability assessment model for object oriented software based on existing software testability models for object oriented software. The model is based on those six important internal programming features of object oriented design and six external quality factors which are not used before together at the same time in-spite of being highlighted in some or other research. These design features are assessed using popular static object oriented metrics and their link with testability is established indirectly through the affected quality factors. The model is further analysed using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach. The model is validated using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The proposed model and evaluation technique helps software engineering practitioners to choose the best alternative amongst available options by analysing the Testability not only at internal level but also at external quality level too.
This study presents the design of an electromagnetically-actuated double-acting reciprocating pump for industrial applications. This concept was developed to replace the conventional rotating crank principle traditionally used to actuate a double-acting reciprocating pump. An electromagnetic oscillator is designed using two linearly placed electromagnets. The electromagnets are designed to achieve translational and oscillatory motion by means of a circuit designed to alternate the polarities of one of the electromagnets and control the speed of oscillation. The electromagnetic oscillator is coupled to a double-acting reciprocating pump for which pump rate, fluid discharge and pressure are measured at the pump outlet. The purpose of this model is to achieve compactness in line with versatility.
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. Attempts to control the quality of voice of synthesized speech have existed for more than a decade now. Several prototypes and fully operating systems also have been built based on different synthesis technique. This article reviews recent advances in research and development of speech synthesis with focus on one of the key approaches i.e. statistical parametric approach to speech synthesis based on HMM, so as to provide a technological perspective. In this approach, spectrum, excitation, and duration of speech are simultaneously modeled by context dependent HMMs, and speech waveforms are generated from the HMMs themselves. This paper aims to give an overview of what has been done in this field, summarize and compare the characteristics of various speech synthesis techniques used.
With increasing vulnerability and intensity of weather extremes, anticipation of severe events is a fundamental element to protect the society by reducing the socioeconomic damage effectively. The objective of this paper is to propose the networking model for the emergency management system using heterogeneous networks to predict and prevent the floods. The study of prediction of flood includes the various input parameters such as soil moisture, air pressure, direction of wind and seasons. The model is designed in an approach that the system can accept different types of requests of different formats through various sub-networks virtual. The arrangement is equipped to accept the surplus networks to the existing network with the routing policies been opted to meet the major concerns over the networks to meet the service parameter.
MEMS is a micro-electro-mechanical system. It has actively developed into research and development in a broader range of applications, such as in analog system, switches, and in communication system, such as in the oscillator, filter part of RF transceivers.MEMS resonator have potential to replace the available technologies like quartz crystal resonator, LC filters, ceramic filter, SAW filters. There are different types of MEMS resonator such as clamped free resonator ,clamped-clamped resonator, free-free resonator, disc resonator. MEMS resonators can be utilized to meet the increasing count of RF components likely to be demanded by the next generation multi-band/multi-mode wireless devices, as it needs less area, less power consumption, less material.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient method of data transmission for high speed communication systems. The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted over a number of subcarriers. OFDM has several characteristics such as providing greater immunity to multipath fading & impulse noise improves the bandwidth efficiency. But, OFDM suffers a serious drawback of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). There are several methods has been proposed to reduce PAPR, clipping and filtering is one of them. But the existing Clipping and filtering method has in-band and out-band losses that degrade the system performance. So we proposed a new algorithm called pumping based clipping method to reduce these losses and increase system efficiency. In this method the input signal is first pumped by an amplifier circuit that increases only the amplitude but doesn’t power of this signal. After that an anti peak signal is generated by Gaussian function. Then the pumping signal is clipped by the anti peak signal to get clipping signal. By pumping the input signal before clipping is reduce the in-band and out-band losses and Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the system. Hence the Bit Error Rate (BER) as well as the overall system performance is increased by this method.
Load forecasting is very important for power system planning, its operation and control. It has vital importance in electric industry. There are many applications of load forecasting which includes energy purchasing and generation, load switching, contract evaluation, and infrastructure development. It is very important for energy suppliers, financial institutions, and other participants in electric energy generation, transmission, distribution, and markets. It is helpful for peak demand levels and energy consumption patterns. It is also very helpful for an electric utility to make important decisions in power system. Forecasting means estimation of active load at various load buses ahead of an actual load occurrence. A good forecasting model has to capture some important features like economy, climate, weather, human activities, interactions etc. Planning and operational application of load forecasting requires certain lead time known as forecasting intervals. Depending upon the time interval it is divided in to three categories i.e. Long term load forecasting, Medium term load forecasting, Short term load forecasting. A good forecaster takes in to account the various demographic factors which will affect the future load e.g. population, temperature, humidity etc. In case of long term load forecasting, population will affect the most, the other two factors will have more importance in short term load forecasting. For load forecasting different methodologies are adopted. The various methodologies are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic Models and Genetic algorithm.
Soil stabilization means alteration of the soils properties to meet the specified engineering requirements. Methods for the stabilization are compaction and use of admixtures. Lime, Cement was commonly used as stabilizer for altering the properties of soils. From the recent studies it is observed that, waste materials such as flyash, rice husk ash, Waste Stone Powder, pyroclastic rock dust and Waste tire cord are used for this intended purpose with or without lime or cement. Disposal of these waste materials is essential as these may cause hazardous effects on the environment. With the same intention literature study was undertaken on utilization of waste materials for the stabilization of soils and same is presented here.
This paper targets to argument out the numerousstagesof low cost building constituents for low cost housing by underlining the dissimilarbuildingskill like bonus of local obtainableresources and the economicgainsattained by its adoption. In a building for footing, walls, doors and windows, floors and roofs are the most essential components, which can be analyzed separately, based on the needs thus, improving the speed of construction and reducing the construction worth. The major current methods of construction schemes considered here are namely, structural stone walls, wooden columns and trusses, grass roofing components. Here we just performed thecomparison between first class material and nearbyobtainablelow cost materials. From the result we identified that low cost materials provides 18.14 percent profit than first class materials.
Reversible logic gates are very interesting topic for research due to less heat dissipation and low power consumption. Reversible logic gates are used in various applications such as CMOS design, Quantum computing, Nanotechnology, Cryptography, Optical computing, DNA computing, Digital signal processing (DSP), Communication computer graphics. Quantum computing is not realized without implementation of reversible logic .Main purposes of designing of reversible logic gates are to decrease quantum cost, garbage output, no. of gates. In this paper we present a proposed design of Encoder using Feynman and Fredkin reversible logic gates.
Today reversible computing is more interesting research area to dwindle power consumption and reduction in heat dissipation. Reversible computing involves number of input and output lines which must be the same. Reversible computing is used in Nano-technology, low power CMOS design, Optical computing and Quantum computing .This paper shows that reversible proposed design of carry look-ahead adder using reversible Peres gate and Feynman gate to dwindle the garbage output, gate count and quantum cost as compare to existing design. The carry select adder using reversible gates is obtained with DPG gates and Modified Fredkin gates. Results are simulated in Xilinx software by using VHDL language.
Encryption is widely used to ensure security in data storage and communication systems. This paper introduces a new concept for image encryption using a new method. In this method, the private key is an image that converted into RGB numbers and the public key is random integers used to permutate the plaintext. The location of the RGB numbers will be used to encrypt the plaintext. The performance of this algorithm is discussed against common attacks such as the brute force attack, ciphertext attacks and plaintext attacks. The analysis shows the strength of this algorithm. The results show that the algorithm is suitable for securing multimedia applications and they have the potential to secure communication systems in a variety of wired/wireless scenarios such as mobile phone services and smartcards.
Multilevel inverters have been attracting in favor of industry as well as academia recently for highand medium power applications. In addition, switched waveforms can be synthesized by multilevel inverters in order to achieve lower levels of harmonic distortion than an equivalently rated two-level converter. Decreasing the harmonic distortion in the output waveform can be achieved by using multilevel inverter topology without decreasing the inverter power output. Moreover, multilevel inverter have the ability to generate high quality output waveforms with a low switching frequency. This paper presents the most important topologies like Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter (NPCMLI), Clamped/Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (CCMLI), and Cascaded H-Bridges Multilevel Inverter (CHMLI). This paper also presents the comparison between four types of multilevel inverter in Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) and Individual rating comparison. Also, this paper shows FFT the simulation results for THD. Authors strongly believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the relevant references in the field of topologies and modulation strategies of multilevel inverter.
Since Cloud computing is a new fields having more research work to be done specially in the field of security. Cloud Computing enables various users to send the data over internet which is then stored at data centers, but there is less chance that data is secure and can’t be access by the un-authorized users or chances of data loss. Hence Security is an important concern in the cloud computing. Although there are various techniques implemented for the security of cloud data so that it can be access by the un-authorized users and privacy is maintained on user’s data. Here in this paper a new and efficient technique is implemented for the security of cloud storage data and quick retrieval of cloud data.
This paper deals to obtain the dynamic response of load frequency and corresponding tie-line power of an automatic generation control (AGC) in three area interconnected thermal power system by using three different controller; One is Conventional (PI) Controller, Second is Intelligent (Fuzzy) Controller and Third is Evolutionary (GA for tuning of PID Controller) Controller. In this paper Evolutionary controller are proposed for improving the performance of load frequency and tie-line power and their dynamic responses are compared with the conventional and intelligent controller’s responses. The results indicate that the proposed controller exhibit better performance and satisfy the automatic generation control requirements with a reasonable dynamic response. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Rice bran is the by-product of the rice milling industries so in view of growing need and consciousness about the nutritional and functional properties the rice bran is very important co-product. In this research article the methods were described regarding different chemicals with different concentration in controlling the activity of lipase enzyme and ultimately to maximize its oil recovery from the rice bran during 60 days of storage in a room temperature. The use of hydrochloric acid at concentration of about 30ml/Kg helps greatly in controlling the lipase enzyme activity and reduces the % of FFA while the other chemicals used in this study (Phosphoric acid, Acetic acid, Sodium metabisulphite) failed to control in the rise of free fatty acid contents. The chemicals can be applied easily by sprinkling or spraying. This operation done on small rice bran lots through manual hand mixing. This method of chemical stabilization of rice bran is really a useful method in the rice mills where there is shortage of electricity or steaming facility.
This paper presents a new method to control of robot manipulator in task space. In the proposed control method, a combination of feedback linearization, sliding mode control and first-order TSK fuzzy system has been utilized.
Solar, hydro-power, wind and biomass which are the major renewable energy sources in Nigeria can be better utilized to suit the purpose of promoting energy stability in Nigeria towards encouraging entrepreneurship growth for enhancement of social and economic development. This is against the backdrop of the present state of energy supply which is inadequate, unreliable, epileptic and promises to be much more expensive as withdrawal of fuel subsidy is strongly being contemplated by government. The worst hit by the menace of the energy crisis are the small and medium scale enterprises. This paper examined entrepreneurship development, renewable energy sources, their development and observed that the deliberate policy of government to develop entrepreneurial skills amongst the citizenry, will only succeed when the problem of energy availability is properly addressed. Suggestions made included: Investment in research and development in renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency projects to be supported by establishment of a special trust fund; involvement of private sector participation in the development of renewable energy, workable government policies and collaboration with relevant international agencies to fully tap the gains of renewable energy.
India is an agricultural country and plant disease plays key role in the production of agricultural products. Earlier detection will helps to improve the quality and quantity of the products. The proposed system is a detection of bacterial infection on tomato and crape jasmine leaves. Bacterial disease can be detected as brown-black colour spot and centre becomes dry. Tomato is a major agricultural crop and crape jasmine is an herb. The developed method consists of six steps: Image Acquisition, Colour Transformation, Filtering, Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Classification. The first step is image acquisition in which infected leaves are photographed. In colour transformation step an RGB image is converted into YIQ colour space. Then I channel alone taken for further analysis. After that, Median filter is applied for image smoothing and filtering. Next Otsu’s thresholding is used to detect the infected disease spot. Over segmented image, the Haralick texture features are extracted and stored. Finally classification is done based on various types of classification algorithm. From that Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm on Tomato leaves provides 86% accuracy and 94% accuracy on Crape Jasmine leaves.
Recent advances in computing and developments in technology have facilitated the routine collection and storage of medical data that can be used to support medical decisions.In most cases however, there is a need for the collected data to be analysed in order for a medical decision to be drawn, whether this involves diagnosis, prediction, course of treatment,or signal and image analysis. Intelligent machine learning methods such as neural computing and support vector machines can be shown to be suitable approaches to such complex tasks.
Cloud computing is deployed in the data centre where physical machine are virtualized. Cloud computing being the new technology has both advantages and disadvantages; one of the issues which cloud computing faces is load balancing. More than one virtual machine runs above the Virtualization. Load balancing in cloud computing is emerging topic which needs to be researched and study. The data centre is built with lots of systems where balancing is not an easy task especially for cloud computing. Most of the research is done in distributed environments. Using of dynamic semi-distributed load balancing in cloud computing is not discussed in any literature, wherever distributed load balancing on cloud computing is already in the list. By using the method of semi-distributed load balancing we can design a new method for the cloud computing. This paper proposed to design a better load balance for the cloud computing which can be applied in every central node of the cluster.
In this paper, nanostructures have been developed on silicon wafer and thus synthesized to characterize optical and electrical properties. The wafer was synthesized using electro-less metal deposition and dissolution (EMD) process leading to one-dimensional (1-D) growth of single-crystalline nanowire. from the optical characterization curve it can be determined that a nanowire has the same property possessed by any of optical filters as light of certain wavelength cannot pass whereas other wavelength in a different range can easily transmit through it. In I-V characteristics curve, a rapid current flow was found after a certain input voltage (4.17v for Cu and 4.32v for Ag samples respectively).
The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of cognitive- based vs. text based learning strategies on Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. To fulfill this purpose, 90 intermediate students of Ofogh Foreign Language Institute in Gorgan were selected among 120 students attending courses at this institute through taking part in a Preliminary English Test (PET) and assigned to two experimental and one control groups. The same content was taught to all groups while one experimental group was treated with cognitive-based strategies and the other one with text-based strategies, and the control group instruction was limited to the conventional instruction. A reading test was given to students in all groups before and after the instruction and the mean scores of groups on the posttest were compared through an independent samples t-test which led to the rejection of the null hypotheses, thus concluding that cognitive-based and text-based learning strategies have a significant effect on the Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension.
Vitamin C is irregularly and immethodically used due to its availability and low cost and as it is prevailed that mega doses of Ascorbic Acid have useful effects on preventing some diseases and treatment of those. However, there are concerns about the some adverse effects of this vitamin. The current study aims to determine the effects of two doses of Ascorbic Acid on the serum concentration of Copper and activity of ceruloplasmin enzyme in healthy men. The current research was performed on 36 non-smoking healthy volunteers with average age of 22±3 years with double blind clinical trials method. The volunteers were resided in hostelry for six weeks. They were randomly categorized into three groups as (1) with daily receiving of 500 mg dose Ascorbic Acid, (2) with daily receiving of 1000 mg dose Ascorbic Acid, and (3) control group. Fasting blood samples were collected before the start of the research and at the end of the research. The concentration of Copper serum was measured by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while the activity of ceruloplasmin enzyme serum and blood Ascorbic Acid were measure by colorimetric method. The daily pattern of food consumption was recorded and evaluated at the start and the end of research through 24 hour food recall questionnaire for one day. The collected data was analyzed by Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis tests. The average level of Ascorbic Acid in blood at the start of the study were 0.75±0.24, 0.74±0.22 and 0.73±0.17 milligrams per deciliter for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The observed increase at the end of study were 23% (P=0.04), 76% (P=0.001) and 67% (P=0.001) for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively, which was meaningful from statistical point of view. The average enzyme activity of ceruloplasmin at the start of study were 1.10±4.83, 21.04±1.98 and 20.69±2.13 milligrams per deciliter for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The observed decrease in the group of 1000 milligrams of Ascorbic Acid, 17% (P=0.001), was meaningful. The average serum concentration of Copper at the start of study were 88.25±15.26, 78.04±8.14 and 86.04±16.83 micrograms per deciliter for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The observed decrease in all three groups at the sixth week was not statistically meaningful. Ascorbic Acid receiving caused a meaningful decrease in enzyme activity of ceruloplasmin which was dependent on dose. Therefore, it cannot recommend this vitamin with 1000 and 500 milligrams doses based on the current information. It seems that more studies are necessary.
Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by decrease in mineral content of bones and increase in urinary Calcium and Phosphorus excretion. In addition, there are Calcium, Phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism disorders in diabetic patients. The aim of the current study was investigating the serum conditions of Calcium and vitamin D in diabetes type 2 patients. 61 diabetic people (35 men and 26 women) in the range of 35 to 65 years old were studied at the middle of spring where the level of vitamin D serum is at its seasonal drop. The serum amounts of 25-OH-D lower than 20 ng/ml was considered as shortage of vitamin D and total serum Calcium amounts lower than 8.8 mg/dl was considered as shortage of Calcium. The average level of 25-OH-D serum was 10.87±10.59 ng/ml. The average level of 25-OH-D serum in men was meaningfully (P<0.002) lower than women. 48 people (78.7%) were suffered from shortage of vitamin D and only 13 people (21.3%) had natural level of vitamin D. The average level of serum Calcium was 9.45±0.23 mg/dl. The levels of serum Calcium were natural in all patients. The average level of serum Calcium of men was higher than women but this difference was not meaningful. The results of this study are shown that shortage of vitamin D may be common in diabetic patients in Iran and possibly, the shortage in men is considerably higher than in women.
Lycopene and beta-carotene are carotenoids with high anti oxidant property, which are basically entered to the body through vegetable and fruit. Measuring the serum level of carotenoids is used to evaluate anti oxidant condition of body and to determine validity of questionnaires of studying vegetables and fruits consumptions. The current study aims to set up a valid, relatively fast and cheap laboratory method based on high performance chromatography to measure serum level of lycopene and beta-carotene. In the current study, after examining various conditions of chromatography, proteins of serum were firstly precipitated by ethanol and then, lycopene and beta-carotene were extracted by hexane. Organic phase was evaporated at 40º C under nitrogen gas and the remained article was solved in a combination of mobile phase (methanol: acetonitrile: tetrahydrofuran, volumetric ratio 50:45:5, containing 0.01 percent of butylated hydroxyl toluene) and diethyl ether (volumetric ratio 2:1) and 20 µL of it was injected to Novopack C18 column. Retention times of lycopene and beta-carotene at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and wave length of 472 nm were measured as 5.1 and 8.6 min, respectively, and total time of chromatography was measured as 11 min. Mean and standard deviation of recovery percent of lycopene and beta-carotene in numerous tests were obtained as 95.5±7.8% and 95.2±7%, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay variations for lycopene were 1.6% and 5.75%, respectively, and for beta-carotene were 3 and 3.5%, respectively. Quality control tests were indicated that this method is of high sensitivity and accuracy. While low time consuming and low cost of the test makes it a suitable test for research purposes, especially population studies, at the same time, this method also has some limitations similar to any laboratory method. For example, it is not clear that how many analites can be simultaneously measured by this method. Clarification of this problem needs to more studies.
Today, medical science is closely related to nutrition science. In the other words, one of the main principles of care and treatment of patients is representing an appropriate and scientific diet to meet nutrition demands of patient. Representing nutrition services and following an appropriate regimen in hospitals is an important factor for faster improvement of patients, decreasing recovery time and even preventing from diseases. If nutrition and regimen is ignored in hospitals as one of the bases of patients' health and or have a colorless role in the process of treatment, not only leads to dissatisfaction of patients, but also causes to disorder in treatment process of patient due to adverse conclusions of ignoring nutrition of regimen.
Load forecasting is very important for power system planning, its operation and control. It has vital importance in electric industry. There are many applications of load forecasting which includes energy purchasing and generation, load switching, contract evaluation, and infrastructure development. It is very important for energy suppliers, financial institutions, and other participants in electric energy generation, transmission, distribution, and markets. It is helpful for peak demand levels and energy consumption patterns. It is also very helpful for an electric utility to make important decisions in power system. Forecasting means estimation of active load at various load buses ahead of an actual load occurrence. A good forecasting model has to capture some important features like economy, climate, weather, human activities, interactions etc. Planning and operational application of load forecasting requires certain lead time known as forecasting intervals. Depending upon the time interval it is divided in to three categories i.e. Long term load forecasting, Medium term load forecasting, Short term load forecasting. A good forecaster takes in to account the various demographic factors which will affect the future load e.g. population, temperature, humidity etc. In case of long term load forecasting, population will affect the most, the other two factors will have more importance in short term load forecasting. For load forecasting different methodologies are adopted. The various methodologies are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Fuzzy Logic Models and Genetic algorithm.
Perennial grasses have been identified as close substitutes for hardwood trees for pulp and paper making; Wiry love grass (Eragrostis atrovirens) is an erect, tufted perennial grass that grows up to 100 cm high which reproduces from seeds. It is also often found in bush re-growths and road sides. It is particularly abundant in Nigeria. The physico-chemical analysis of wiry love grass was determined using standard procedures for the determination of Cellulose, Hemi-cellulose and Lignin contents. The grass had cellulose and lignin contents of 49.2 and 19.5%, respectively. The pulp yield obtain using soda process, was 49.5%. The fibre length determined using Zeiss microscope was 1.41mm. The corresponding Kappa number was 12 and Ash contents obtained is 3.87%. These characteristics demonstrate the suitability of wiry love grass for pulp and paper production.
Salmonella enteritidis is an important food infection pathogen bacteria. This bacteria is very strong in the environment and is still the major reason for many gastroenteritis infections in human. Salmonella enteritidis forms a biofilm on many surfaces in contact with foods. Formation of biofilm of bacteria on such surfaces is considered as a potential resource of contamination, which increases the possibility of transferring bacteria and breaking out of diseases. In the current study, biofilm formation of Iranian species of Salmonella enteritidis on various surfaces in contact with foods and medical materials was studied. Firstly, hydrophobicity of surface of Salmonella enteritidis cell (RITCC 1624) was determined by MATH (Microbial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon) method. Then, its biofilm was formed on various surfaces including steel (Type 304 no 2B), polyethylene and glass and was measured by drop plate method after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20 hours. Results were shown that Salmonella enteritidis with hydrophobicity of 73% is able to form biofilm on the three above mentioned surfaces. The amount of biofilm formed during 2 hours on glass and steel surfaces were meaningfully (P<0.05) higher than polyethylene surface and by increasing time to 20 hours, biofilm formation on varios surfaces was not meaningful (P>0.05). In addition, the highest amount of Salmonella biofilm on these three surfaces was formed in the interface of liquid and air phases. Formation of Salmonella biofilm on such surfaces increases the possibility of transferring the bacteria, which is very important from hygienic, and disease spreading points of view.
This paper is the survey about the software ecosystem in telemedicine. Telemedicine provides the health care at the farness; minimize the cost and improving the quality of health care system. In this paper we analyzed the existing software ecosystem and the design of the new software ecosystem towards the telemedicine environment. The software ecosystem mainly focuses on the major areas like defining the system that captures organization, software aspects and business of the software ecosystem. In telemedicine software ecosystem brings a new way of approach that provides the existing access of the telemedicine across the globe.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and the risk of such disease increases with increasing the level of blood cholesterol. Foods containing high amount of cholesterol increase the level of cholesterol in blood. Limiting consumption of such foods or reducing those cholesterols lead to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. There are various methods to reduce cholesterol of foods. The aim of the current study was reducing the cholesterol of butter oil using soybean lecithin. 20 ml distilled water and various amounts of soybean lecithin (5, 7, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20%) were added and stirred to 100 grams of butter oil. Then, hydrated lecithin was separated by centrifuge. In addition to lecithin concentration, the effects of stirring speed (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 rounds per minute), stirring duration (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes), centrifuging speed (2000, 2200, 2400, 2600 and 2800 rounds per minute) and duration of centrifuging (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes) on reduction in cholesterol were investigated. Chemical (acid, peroxide and saponification numbers) and physical (refractive index and melting point) characteristics of low cholesterol butter oil and original butter oil were compared with each other. Increasing the lecithin concentration up to 17.5% and increasing the stirring duration up to 75 minutes were led to more reduction of cholesterol but by more increasing the stirring duration, the magnitude of cholesterol reduction was meaningfully decreased (P<0.05). The results were shown that there is a linear correlation between reduction in cholesterol and stirring speed, centrifuging speed and duration of centrifuging. Among the physical and chemical characteristics of low cholesterol butter oil, only acid number was meaningfully higher than that of original butter oil and other characteristics had not meaningful difference. The appropriate condition for cholesterol reduction was identified as 10% lecithin concentration, 45 minutes stirring duration, 600 rounds per minute stirring speed, 15 minutes duration of centrifuging and 2400 rounds per minute centrifuging speed. Under this condition, the 78.6% of butter oil cholesterol was reduced.
Cloud computing is gathering of existing system and advances, bundled inside another framework standard that offers enhanced adaptability, versatility, business skill, quicker startup time, decreased administration costs, and without a moment to spare accessibility of resources. Cloud computing is an Internet-based figuring and utilization of computer technology which gives access to resources as an administration, for example, storage, system, server and processors and so forth. By moving information into the cloud offers incredible straightforwardness to clients. By and large, server farm in cloud holds data that clients have put away on their machines. The security concerns emerge in light of the fact that the outsourced information is utilized by the client. Cloud computing is the developing field now a days. The stage gives help to decrease the expense and additionally make the powerful usage of the equipment and also programming. Information storage is the fundamental most alluring part of the cloud computing, however it accompanies some security challenges as well. The end clients store their information on cloud server are constantly in stress that either their information put away is secure or not? As the information put away is extensive enough so clients can not check its uprightness intermittently. Off and on again cloud administration suppliers may carry on unhonestly and erase clients information Or they neglect to roll out improvements on the information which is redesigned by the clients regularly. So to conquer these difficulties the Trusted Third Party Auditor assumes the crucial part in the interest of clients. As they guarantee to clients that the information facilitated on the server is secure. TPA gives more simpler and reasonable route for clients to their capacity accuracy in cloud, which likewise supportive for the cloud administration suppliers to enhance their cloud based administration stage. In other way we can say reviewing plan assume a critical part in foundation of secure cloud stage in clients personality and expand the cloud economy, where clients gets to the danger and apply their trust in the cloud to store information all the more accurately.
This study explores “Measuring the Impact of Personality Attributes of Consumers on Internet Buying Behavior”. More specifically the study intends to find out whether personality factors would have more favorable impact on online shopping behavior. It is descriptive research using the deductive methodology. For this dissertation four personality characteristics that are introversion/extroversion, consciousness/unconsciousness, emotional stability/ emotional instability and materialistic/non-materialistic are selected and each personality impact is seen with information search behavior, reference groups, internet related factors and product characteristics. A structured questionnaire was developed to attain the responses of consumers. Point Bi-serial correlation technique, ANOVA and T-test was applied in order to examine the relationship between studied variables. The survey was conducted on a total of 300 respondents including students of business professionals and non-professionals. However, research is done on actual online purchase and also from those who want to purchase in future. Studies found a moderately positive relationship between personalities attributes of consumer and identified Internet buying behaviour such as quality, brands, reference groups i.e. friends, customization and privacy. The study suggested that it is beneficial for mobile industry. It can be proved valuable for marketers if they work and focus on those variables that have strong impact for online shopping behavior. One limitation was this study should have been completed with restricted period of time.
Climate change and Energy security issues are addressed mainly by interrelationship between Energy, Ecology and Economy, affecting Employment and Equity. But increasing economic growth of nations has only increased gap between rich and poor. Two more parameters, Entropy and Ethics play important role. The paper brings forth role of these parameters, using fundamentals of Thermodynamics and explores better solutions for handling such issues.
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy has been used to study the different relaxation behavior in the supercooled state of Darabinose over a wide frequency (10-3 – 107 Hz) and temperature range (120-360 K). In addition to the main relaxation process (α) which is responsible for the glass transition phenomena, two more relaxation processes viz. β- & γ- were also observed below the glass transition temperature. The slower secondary relaxation or β-process has been identified as true intermolecular relaxation and faster one (γ-process) is probably the rotation of hydroxymethyl (-CH2OH) side group attached to the sugar ring. The temperature dependence of various dielectric parameters viz. Ï„α, Ï„β, Ï„γ and τσ have been critically examined. The current experimental result shows that, log10 σdc vs. log10 Ï„α dependence is nonlinear and hence can be described with the fractional Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation.
The development and optimization of an empirical model of a reactive distillation process producing palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME), with the aid of Minitab, have been carried out in this work. In order to achieve these, Box-Behnken technique of response surface methodology was used to design experiments that were carried out in a prototype plant of the process developed with the aid of Aspen HYSYS using Distillation Column Sub-Flowsheet as the column type and Wilson model as the fluid package. The results obtained from the analysis of the developed full quadratic model revealed that reboiler duty was not having any significant effect on the process as its probability value (P-value) was obtained to be greater than 0.05 that was chosen, based on the confidence level of 95%.This was found to justify the fact that no reaction was occurring in the reboiler section of the column. Based on this, the full quadratic model developed was modified. Although the R-squared value of the full quadratic model was found to be better than that of the modified one, the latter was found to be better in prediction because its predicted R-squared value was discovered to be greater than that of the former. In addition, the optimum values of the factors estimated with the aid of Minitab were found to be valid ones because the measured optimum mole fraction of palmitic acid methyl ester was found be in good agreement with the predicted one given by the Box-Behnken technique of response surface methodology.
This paper addresses current data and bandwidth problems by re-organizing few limitations of server-client and peer to peer communication model so that a hybrid model would solve issues related to both of them. The current infrastructure has some issues in catching up with the vastly increasing speeds and requirements of clients. Following these trends, the existing infrastructure needs to be completely revamped in order to successfully meet the current requirements and also the requirements of the near future. Here arises a need to meet the current flow of demands while also buying time in order to get the new infrastructure in place. In order for that to happen, there exist some factors that can be manipulated so as to optimize the current system to meet the demands and provide a time buffer. Here these factors are researched upon and conclusions are drawn from this research so as to get the ways to manipulate and use these factors/resources in a correct manner for managing data traffic.
Cellular networks facilitate the most important aspect of human life, communication. There is a serious need to cater to the tremendous growth of traffic on these networks; Device-to-Device (D2D) communication using cellular network attempts to provide answers to the above problem. D2D communication ensures high spectral efficiency by directly connecting devices without hopping through the base station. There is a herculean growth in some cellular applications like distribution of content, data download, control function, and switching function with cellular networks in D2D communication. Cellular networks share resources using uplinks and downlinks. This paper looks at how D2D communication takes place using these sharing methods and consequently will analyze the associated performance issues. This paper assesses the allocation problem to maximize network with spectral efficiency, power efficiency, performance with quality-of-service (QoS) among both the D2D users and cellular users (CUs). The paper also discusses interference management, multihop D2D communications, and D2D interchanges in heterogeneous systems with an effective performance evaluation.
Integration of GPS and GSM technologies is flamboyant solution for many unsolved problems and which made them popular in their own context. This paper gives idea that to provide an effective application for vehicle tracking as well as personal tracking, the integration of GPS and GSM technologies into one system is used. To implement real time racing application, use of GPS and GSM technologies can be made. For tracking and tracing of multiple movable objects at a same time, this real time racing application is used which is also termed as Multi-Tracking System. For vehicles live tracing and tracking, GPS is used and GSM using sms or GPRS which is useful for controlling its subsystem parts. GPS can be used in banking, mobile phone operations. In this paper, the proposed solution contained that there is GPS and GPRS/GSM enabled device assigned to each vehicle (Bike, Jet Ski) participating in a race. That device will send the data containing, the speed, latitude, longitude and time of each vehicle (Bike, Jet Ski). Using this data received from the devices, we will calculate the real time results. We can also watch the live race over the internet. We can see the replay of races as well by using the data recorded. This paper describes that GPS & existing system of Jet Ski race is a manual one and time consuming. To make it faster and efficient this use of combined GPS & GSM/GPRS is helpful.Using Microsoft .Net Technology, we have implemented the whole system. C#.net is used for system components and ASP.net is used for web based parts.
Biowaste materials obtained from Azadirachta indica plant have shown potential towards adsorption of heavy metals like copper. In this work, Cu (+2) ion was adsorbed from synthetically made copper salt solution on chemically activated Neem sawdust (Azadirachta indica). Effect of Initial concentration of copper ions on percent removal and adsorption capacity was studied at four concentrations viz. 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1 at constant adsorbent loading of 4 g L-1 and stirring speed of 150 rpm. The high value of adsorption capacity of 21.875 mg Cu (+2) per gram of adsorbent was obtained at 100 mg L-1 at 301K. Three different equilibrium isotherms namely Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin were fitted and the best models representing the experimental results were founded as Langmuir and Temkin models with regression coefficients as 93 and 92% , respectively where Langmuir model represents monolayer adsorption of copper ions and Temkin model confirms the physical adsorption by the heat of adsorption b=288.04 J. mol-1. The Kinetics of the adsorption process was best described by pseudo first order.
Wool fibre is one of the most important fibres in textile technology. The coloration of wool fibre is usually being done by Acid dyes. Many experiments has been done on different protein fibres like silk fibres and wool fibres dyeing with reactive dyes. In this paper the coloration of wool fabric was conducted through Fl based Reactive dyes (Liyuansol® FL & LANASOL®). An efficient dyeing method has been applied for wool dyeing with Fl base Cotton - reactive dye. For the assessment of dyeing quality, dyed samples were conducted with several tests like wash fastness, rubbing fastness, effect of pH, Alagal B (Levelling agent) and Na2SO4 on dye uptake% and K/S value. Comparison also done among Reactive dyed samples and Acid dyed (Lanacron) samples and all of the results came up with good results and shows an impressive prospect on wool dyeing with cotton-reactive dyes.
Two sources of potable water (tap water and borehole water) were stored in twelve water storage reservoirs (six for each water source) for a period of six weeks. The reservoirs include black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. The water quality parameters examined were Temperature, Colour, Total solids, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chlorine residual, Chloride, pH, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Manganese and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) which were all analyzed at a sampling frequency of seven days interval. Results shows that the growth rate constant of Manganese concentration in water stored in: plastic tanks, coated steel metal tanks, uncoated steel metal tanks and clay pots are 0.0163mg/L per week, 0.0200mg/L per week, 0.1150mg/L per week and 0.0550mg/L per week respectively. Colour of both water sources stored in uncoated steel metal tanks ranges from 5TCU - 20TCU, which is above the permissible limits set by W.H.O Standard (15TCU). On the other hand, values/concentrations of pH, Manganese and THB in all the storage reservoirs were found to exceed the permissible limits set by W.H.O Standard during certain periods (weeks) of retention for both water sources; respectively ranging from 5.8 - 8.7, 0.099mgL - 0.817mg/L and 2.0×102CFU/100mL - 1.56×104CFU/100mL which is contrary to the allowable permissible limits (6.5 - 8.5, 0.0mg/L - 0.2mg/L and 0.00CFU/100mL - 1.0×104CFU/100mL in that order).
Plasmonster is a three terminal plasmonic device with transistor like properties. Plasmonsters possess the high data transmis-sion rate of photonic devices while retaining the minuscule size of electronic devices. But one of the biggest challenges is the loss due to the imaginary component of the permittivity of the metals used in the construction of the device. Further, plasmonsters require pumping of power and the operation to be carried out at temperatures usually well below the room temperature. The utilization of electron spin in plasmonsters-spin plasmonsters is derivatively shown to reduce this imaginary permittivity thus improving the gain. Additionally, power pumping at room temperature can be achieved by the use of multiferroic bismuth ferrite in the electro-optic substrate of the plasmonster.
Our prposed work is to compare iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (ISTA) and improved iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (IISTA) for image restoration of linear inverse problems. This class of problems results from combining a linear observation model with a non-quadratic regularizer e.g., total variation regularization. Number of iterations, Regularization parameters and Regularization functions are used for comparsion.Thsese algorithms are performed through a recursive application of two simple procedures linear filtering and soft thresholding.Experimental results shows better performance of IISTA than ISTA.
In industrialized countries, most of the companies deployed lean manufacturing techniques in order to minimize the wastes and consequently maximize the overall benefits. In the present work, the lean manufacturing techniques are applied in automotive service centers to measure the customers’ satisfaction. Moreover, the impacts of such technique on the overall business environment are evaluated. Results indicate that both the leading time and takt time are significantly reduced by about 69.4%, and 52.0% respectively. In addition, the service center's layouts are improved. Accordingly, the closeness rate of the production department increases and the total distance travelled is reduced. The customer satisfaction index is improved by 74.1%. The obtained results encourage the industrial companies to use the lean thinking approach in services and production departments in order to greatly enhance the productivity, competitiveness and overcome the industrial obstacles.
The first model of contact surfaces for the two rough surfaces was developed by Greenwood and Williamson. Using these rough surfaces the contact area and contact stresses for an interface material were determined. The present work focuses on developing new model, in order to determine the contact area and the contact stresses for a passenger car engine rubber mounts with reference to the model developed by Greenwood and Williamson. The mathematical model employed to represent the vehicle incorporates wheel rotational degrees of freedom and relationships expressing the longitudinal and lateral tire shear force components as analytical functions of tire normal load, sideslip and inclination angles, and longitudinal slip. The results obtained from the ANSYS software are compared with Greenwood Williamson results. Any rubber mount surfaces can be characterized as more or less randomly rough and these surfaces are used by technologists in their automotive sector. Usually some irregularities will be present in all solid surfaces. On account of this the contact between any two surfaces is Discontinuous and the real area of contact is a small fraction of the nominal contact area. In addition to contact area and contact stresses, the effect of orientation, surface roughness and interface material on contact area and contact stresses are also determined. APDL commands are used to create the program in the ANSYS
The essential feature for Ad-hoc networks is security in-terms of communication. It is the major requirement for a network. Due to mobility and wireless nature of nodes, this secure communication becomes critical. In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, for the purpose of stronger privacy protection various schemes were introduced. The security features provided by MANET to the mobile users are authentication, confidentiality, integrity, anonymity and availability. In this paper, we have made a detailed theoretical study on efficient unobservable routing scheme that provides complete unlinkability and content observability for data packets and control packets. We have also analyzed some existing routing scheme and proved the unobservable routing scheme is very efficient. It ensures high packet delivery ratio and average packet delivery latency.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of some of the material extracted from the plant Artemisia . sieberia and their impact on the reduction of diabetes in rabbits that have been injected with alloxan induced diabetic rabbits , Where was the study on rabbits, which were divided into three groups, each group of three rabbits group 1 normal rabbits received 1ml day -1 of dimethyl sulphoxide [control ]; group 2 diabetic rabbits received asingle dose [80 mg kg -1 b.wt.] of essential oil aqueous extract of Artemisia .sibberi ; group 3 diabetic rabbits received single dose [80 mg kg -1 b.wt.] of essential oil coholex extract of Artemisia.sieberi .all treatments were orally administered once aday for three weeks .changes in blood glucose concentration ,body weight and food and water intake were measured and the data obtained were compared with that of control .the essential oil extract significantly [p0.05] lowered blood glucose level as well as food and water intake in diabetic rabbits accompanied by an increase in body weight again with no apparent side effect when compared with untreated diabetic rabbits .these effects were found to be closely similar to that of aqueous extract and coholix extract and a metaphormin ,acommon anti diabetic drug .on other hand ,no apparent improvement on body weight again in diabetic rabbits treated with metaphormin . in addition , for all parameters measured , the oil extract showed no effect in normal rabbits .in conclusion ,the essential oil of Artemisia . sieberi exhibited anti diabetic activity in alloxan –induced diabetic rabbits . In recent times it has become dependent on medicinal plants as a treatment for diabetes in humans and various types of diseases and published research on the plant Artemisia .sibberi proved that
The rate at which the detonation wave travels through an explosive column is the Velocity of Detonation (VOD). It is one of the most important property of explosive on which its performance is dependent. In this paper design and implementation of VOD measurement unit is discussed. This unit has to be compatible with sensor designed earlier and has to work in synchronism with the detonation wave as sensed by the sensor in real time. A high speed event capturing unit based on high frequency stable clock, signal acquisition hardware to capture fast rising/falling edges of the event and long line driving capability are some of the basic requirements of the unit. This paper offers a design of an unit which has a low cost sensor, is easy to install/ setup, has reduced susceptibility to electrical noise, design and algorithm sufficient enough to be able to calculate and display VOD directly without compromising accuracy. To aid the discussion some commercially available VOD meter comparison is also presented. After review of the existing units available commercially and study of their respective merits and demerits, feature of an ideal system for the given requirement is proposed and implemented.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system uses Internet Protocol (IP) based network architecture and advanced multi-antenna techniques to provide higher system throughput and high user mobility, intern to support low delay multimedia services such as voice, real time video connections and effective internet connectivity without any disruption. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the impact of mobility on the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as average throughput, average jitter and average delay of a LTE network for various transmission modes such as Serial-Input Serial-Output (SISO), Transmit Diversity, Receive Diversity and Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM).
Conversion of R134a systems to eco-friendly ones will be a major thrust area for refrigeration sector in the present day. As and when an existing system of R134a has to be recharged it is suggested to retrofit the system with new/natural and alternative refrigerants. Presently in market some hydrocarbon mixtures and pure hydrocarbons are available to replace R134a. But what will be ratio and mass fraction to be used for better and safe performance of the system is only given by some researchers. This investigation focuses on mixture ratio of pure hydrocarbon R290 and R600a uses in 200 liter domestic refrigeration system by certain changes in condenser and capillary. The outcome of this work is 80g mixture of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt%) give better performance than 80g mixture of R600a/R290 (70/30 by wt%). COP of R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt%) mixture is higher in the range 22%-26.3% than mixture R600a/R290 (70/30 by wt%) for capillary of 3.5m length and 0.036 inches diameter. During the experiments it is found that 0.036 inches dia. capillary is more suitable as expansion device than 0.031 inches dia. capillary at all length . It is also find out that by increasing the length of capillary in the system hydrocarbon mixture give better results. The R600a/R290 (60/40 by wt%) mixture can be consider as a drop- in replacement refrigerant for HFC134a.
What does mean “J”?... What does mean “K”?... “J” and “K” are enemies to each other?... The Land of “JAMMU” and “KASHMIR” is normally called in short as “J & K”.
This paper x-rayed the nature of weather variation and its effect on transmission of communication signal from the data collected from the transmitting station of Nigerian Television Authority, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. From the data collected in the two prominent seasons in Nigeria, it was observed in fig 1 and fig 2 from the data gotten in the month of June and July which is the peak of rainy season that bad signals are most frequently noticed than that of fig 3 and fig 4 which is the data gotten from November and December which is the peak of dry seasons. The bad signals affects the transmission and these results to break in transmission, mismatch and fading of images, scattering and absorption and sometimes the station may go off air. Moreover, weather variations affect the signals by reducing the strength before it reaches the receiving end.
The investigation of e-commerce has constructed lambda calculus, and current trends suggest that the refinement of multi-processors will soon emerge. In fact, few researchers would disagree with the simulation of checksums. We present new client-server theory, which we call Droplet.
Skin color is one of the most important features of the face and hand Detection , face and hand Recognize, Face and Hand Tracking, and it uses in video applications for persons. In this research, we will rely on the skin color in the process of face detection on image colored Personal. Skin detection which relies on the H channel in HSV color models to characterize the skin colors range. This system are using for different true personal color images with different types and sizes.
The current security challenges being faced in Nigeria is of public concern. Our institutions of higher learning are the prime targets of terrorist as it is evident in recent years. Several methods are used by the terrorist to gain access to the institutions one of which is by identity fraud (claiming to be guanine students/staff of such schools possibly by presenting students’/staff ID cards). In this paper we propose a framework that combines the use of biometrics in user identification and visual surveillance to monitor activities in real-time fashion in our institutions. We also conducted a survey in some institutions in northern Nigeria that were ravaged by the terrorist attacks in the recent past. The survey revealed that majority were of the opinion computerised security measures could significantly improve security situation in their institution. Majority also expressed readiness to accept the proposed initiative. More than 81% expressed preference of fingerprint biometric to other biometrics (iris, retina etc.).
Public open spaces place high value on the quality of life and social interaction of residents in an urban center, and contribute to a healthy urban environment. Public open spaces are publicly or privately owned land that is publicly accessible and has been designated for leisure, play or sports. It is land set aside for the protection and /or enhancement of the natural environment. However, there have been factors militating against the utilization of these open space facilities. This raises the question of the various problems facing the use of public open spaces and what are the present uses of public open spaces around the Port Harcourt Township Area. This gave credence to the need for this paper which has its goal as assessing the use of public open spaces in Port Harcourt old Township Area. To this respect, data were collected, collated and analyzed using the SPSS model and results presented in tables, graphs and charts to interpret the findings. It was discovered that some users were not satisfied with some recreational facilities because of the inadequacy and deteriorating condition. To resuscitate open spaces in the study area, recommendations were made which suggested that the Rivers State Government should fund and partner with the private sector for effective management facilities in the Port Harcourt old Township Area and should see recreation in the light of its usefulness to health and general well-being of the people.
In this paper, AGC of deregulated system is analyzed with the use of conventional controllers. Mainly, these controllers are considered for the analysis of AGC of two area interconnected system through a tie line for frequency control, area control error and tie line power control. The concept of DISCO participation matrix is introduced and reflected in the two-area diagram to make the visualization of contract easier. Initially, PI controller is designed for the system under consideration than PI controller is replaced PID controller to obtain better and reliable control. Dynamic performance of two area restructured power system is simulated and observed in terms of system parameters like frequency, area control error and tie line power control 0.01 percent step load change. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB 7.1.
The research was carried out to enhance the promotion of recreation centres in Bori Town. This research became necessary due to the inadequacy of organized recreational facilities to meet the demands of the people of Bori Town. This research endeavored to identify the problems of recreation and delivery of recreational facilities in the study area, the recreational needs of the people and how the promotion of recreation centre will improve the health and quality of life through variety of recreational activities. In order to achieve the goal of this study, closed ended structured questionnaires were designed and administered to sampled individuals and key informants. These questionnaires were collected, collated and analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Based on the analysis, findings were discussed and recommendations were made. The study recommended that Government should recognize the need for the implementation of the open spaces proposed in the Bori Master Plan (1972-2003), there should be adequate management for the proposed recreation centre on completion, the provision of recreational facilities should serve both active and passive activities, outdoor and indoor recreation. Recreational facilities should be of standard to satisfy residence’s recreational needs; proposed recreation center suitable for Bori Town, if implemented will enhance recreation and improve the health and quality of life of the people in Bori town.
Internal Curing of Concrete has been a topic which has been gathering much more interest in the last couple of years coinciding with the growing demand of high strength concrete in construction. It is a method of countering a problem which unfortunately gets more severe in high strength concrete owing to a greater cement ratio and a correspondingly lower water cement ratio. To make matters worse the water which gets used up during the desiccation process leaves behind empty pores which lead to shrinkage stresses which prevents concrete from achieving its maximum achievable strength. Also in high strength concrete (HSC) the rate of absorption of water into the concrete microstructure is more than the rate at which water gets absorbed into the concrete matrix. This is a problem which prevents conventional methods of curing of water from being successfully implemented in HSC. Therefore we turn to alternate materials which can absorb, hold and supply water as required which also fulfils the role of aggregate such as lightweight aggregate or superabsorbent polymers. We could also use shrinkage reducing admixtures like polyethylene-glycol. The water molecules present in these materials are pulled out due to pressure created in the concrete matrix as water is used up during the curing process. This is also a useful tool for areas where conventional curing is very difficult such as extreme climatic conditions which can lead to excessive evaporation and freezing. Also it will save water losses in sites which is a growing concern in the business as we move towards a more efficient use of our limited resources
The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.
The printed monopole with T-shaped slot yields Ultra Wideband response from 3 GHz to over 12 GHz. Placing a stub in the T-slot gives rise to a notch band or rejection band, which is tunable by varying the position and dimensions of the stub. By further truncating the stub, a dual notch band is achieved. The center frequency of second notch band is tuned from 3.3 GHz to 5.2 GHz by increasing the truncation gap.
Threaded fasteners have rendered themselves indispensable in the assembly of mechanical systems and structures due to their ease of disassembly and their relatively low cost. The outstanding feature of threaded fasteners is that, in spite of their design simplicity, they provide a high clamping force [1]. A comprehensive literature study has been carried out in Ref. [2] describing the history as well as evolution of threaded fasteners.
We prove the existence as well as approximations of the positive solutions for a boundary value problem of second order non-linear quadratic differential equation. An algorithm for the solutions is developed and it is shown that the sequence of successive approximations converges monotonically to the positive solution related quadratic differential equation.
Vegetable oil is one of the basic food items which is consumed by almost every human being in this universe. Therefore quality of vegetable oil should be good enough so that it accounts for healthy life. In vegetable oil manufacturing there are four major steps involved which are neutralization, degumming, bleaching and deodorization. Among these steps bleaching is the very important and critical step because it ensures the good color and odor of vegetable oil. The famous method of bleaching in Pakistan is adsorption by inorganic acid activated fuller’s earth (bentonite clay). Treatment with inorganic acid (Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) activated bentonite clay is very efficient and shows satisfactory results. But there is a major disadvantage associated with its use. Fumes of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid are very dangerous for both the equipment and labor involved in manufacturing of vegetable oil. Therefore the safety of the labor and equipment is compromised. The major purpose of this research work is to give the alternative method for activation procedure of bentonite clay and this method should be the safest method for both the labor and equipment used in vegetable oil industry. So safety is the major motivation for this research. Some organic acids showed good and compatible results as compared to inorganic acids and these acids are highly safe for both the equipment and labor.
This paper revolves around the impact of insulation in Indian thermal power plant. In this we are using calcium silicate as a nano-material rather than resin bonded glass wool. The main benefit use of calcium silicate, heat loss in boiler will be less as compare to glass wool because convection and conduction loss will be less, resulting less fuel consume. Using with nano material boiler fuel saving increasing. Resulting cost saving & fuel saving & energy saving.
A solar powered multi-tone ultrasonic rodent repeller was designed, constructed and characterized. The data generated during the simulation of the designed circuit using an oscilloscope of an Electronic Work Bench was investigated and analyzed. The plot of the data resulted to a rectangular pulses which confirms the use of 555 timer connected in astable multivibrator mode for generation of electrical signal, which is converted to ultrasound using a piezo crystal. The analysis of the pulses generated an ultrasonic frequency of 36 kHz which is used in repelling rodents. Also the Fourier analysis of the signal was computed and the intensity of the ultrasound was calculated, which infers that the intensity of the ultrasound is more on the rodents as it gets closer to the repeller. Therefore an ultrasonic frequency (which is frequency above 20 kHz) can be used to repel rodents.
This paper presents an active and challenging areas of research in the field of Electronic Warfare(EW) and Pattern Recognition.Electronic intelligence (ELINT) is the result of observing the signals transmitted by radar systems to obtain information about their capabilities: it is the remote sensing of remote sensors. ELINT also provides information about defensive systems, which is important in maintaining a credible deterrent force to penetrate those defenses. In this context estimation of the of radar Antenna Scan Period (ASP) and recognition of the Antenna Scan Type(AST) is important measure in analyzing level of threat from the radar. Usually estimation of radar ASP and recognition of the AST is performed by human operators in the EW world. In this paper a algorithm is synthesized for radar scan pattern. The characteristic parameters of antenna scanning includes AST, ASP with other such parameters like Radio frequency (RF),Pulse Width(PW),PulseAmplitude(PA),Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI),Direction Of Arrival (DOA) and The classification different scan types such as circular scan, sector scan, helical scan, raster scan, conical scan is done using features extracted from the generated antenna scan patterns. Classification of the Angle Of Arrival (AOA).AST’s is done using both parametric and non parametric techniques of the pattern recognition synthesized in MATLAB. AST of radar is found using four unique features of antenna scanning such as azimuth angle, elevation angle, degree of rotation and number of elevation bars. The verilog code for the recognition of antenna scan type is simulated in Xlinx ISE 14.3 and implemented on the Spartan 3 FPGA.
The cutting forces depend upon the oblique cutting angle during turning. So, the angle should be determined with minimum roughness. A range of oblique cutting angle can be recommended from the performance study of the project report. But for a particular optimum oblique cutting angle may be determined from a brief analysis of every oblique cutting angle to apply commercially for a particular metal, tool, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate and cutting fluid.surface roughness (Ra) were measured. The roughness was measured with the same direction and dimension. The cemented carbide and high speed cutting tool were used. The material used were high carbon steel, mild steel and cast iron. Facing and turning were performed on the material. Carbide tool can cut high carbon steel, mild steel and cast iron while high speed tool can cut high carbon steel, mild steel but cannot cut cast iron because of it’s hardness.
Boundary disputes especially along the coastal regions are now a global phenomenon. African is no exception as there are presently disputes along the maritime zones, between states within a country and most especially in areas with massive coastal flooding. There is no effective Land administration and control without a definite definition of the respective maritime zones. Information derived from shoreline management and monitoring is vital for delineating boundaries between legal properties and monitoring of the regular changes as caused by coastal flooding. This study therefore evaluates the use of Geospatial Data Techniques in shoreline change detection. The study area is the Buck Mill in Devon, United Kingdom. Emphasis is on tide-coordinated shorelines using the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and the Ordinance survey master map 1:10,000 scale showing the study area. Changes along this shoreline were ascertained from variations on the mean low water observed for four different years. The software used is the ArcGIS 10.1 and Hardware is Pentium 4 among others. Both manual and semi automatic extraction techniques were used to extract the mean low water marks for these years. Results obtained are represented in form of charts, tables and digital maps. An evaluation of these results shows that the use of geospatial data technique is capable of constant monitoring of a coordinated tidal surface along the maritime zones. It is therefore recommended for an effective and complete land administration. It is also a sure means of protecting existing infrastructure from coastal flooding.
Aerodynamic characteristics of a Honda civic car 2009 are of significant interest in reducing car-racing accidents due to wind loading and in reducing the fuel consumption. Even though these vehicles typically have a more rigid chassis and a stiffer suspension to aid in high-speed maneuverability, a spoiler can still be beneficial. One of the design goals of a spoiler is to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency. Many vehicles have a fairly steep downward angle going from the rear edge of the roof down to the trunk or tail of the car. Reducing flow separation decreases drag, which increases fuel economy; it also helps keep the rear window clear because the air flows smoothly through the rear window.
The contact angle method was used in this study to investigate the impact of the cedar wood surface treatment by two essentials oil components on its physicochemical properties.Thus, the hydrophobicity and the Lewis acid/base components were evaluated before and after the treatment of the cedar wood with carvacrol and the carvone. The obtained results revealed that the cedar wood showed the initial characteristics of hydrophobic surfaces (Θw = 89±0.12°; ΔGiwi = -67.93 mJ/m2) with low electron Donor and Acceptor properties (γ- = 0.28±0.06 mJ/m2; γ+ = 3.03±0.2 mJ/m2). After 15 min of treatment with carvacrol, the surface became hydrophilic (Θw = 42.2±0.3°; ΔGiwi = 11.29 mJ/m2), the electron acceptor character is canceled (γ+ = 0.18±0.08 mJ/m2) while the electron donor component increased considerably (γ- = 36.82±0.93 mJ/m2). However, the treatment of the cedar wood by carvone allowed to notice that the surface remained hydrophobic (Θw = 39.8±0.3°; ΔGiwi = -5.31 mJ/m2) but also with a strong increase of the electron donor character (γ- = 29.11±0.43 mJ/m2) compared with the controls samples. This study contributes to demonstrate the significant impact of these essential oil components on the initial physicochemical properties of cedar wood.
Studies on the distribution, species diversity and relative abundance of zooplankton in Wasai reservoir was undertaken from December 2005-February 2006. Variations in Physico-chemical parameters were also estimated. Highest temperature and transparency recorded were 23°C and 0.34m respectively. The pH ranged between 8.6 - 7.6. Highest and lowest range in Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand were 4.7 mg/L and 3.6mg/L and 2.7mg/L and 2.0mg/L . Chemical concentration of Phosphates was between 0.78mg/L to 0.32mg/L. Nitrate was 0.017mg/L to 0.32mg/L while nitrite was 0.400mg/L to 0.00mg/L as the highest and the lowest concentrations recorded during the study. Distribution and relative abundance of zooplankton was found to be in the order Protozoa, Rotifer, Cladocera and Copepoda with Arcella spp, Amoeba proteus and Actinophrys spp, as the Zooplankton species identified which had the highest counts. Correlation analysis between zooplanktons distribution and abundance and physico-chemical parameters revealed a weak positive relationship (P<0.05) and in respect of the chemical factors revealed strong positive relationship (P<0.05) the study showed that the river is not polluted and could serve as a good breeding site for production of fishes in large quantity for economic growth of the community.
The efficiency of a two channeled haemodialyser with a rectangular membrane have been investigated; with blood flow considered incompressible, unidirectionally constant and assumed to be flowing in counter-clockwise direction with the dialysate. The smallest dimensionless parameter was identified and technique of asymptotic expansions used to consider a problem for the resulting 2D-convection-diffusion system (CDs) in the limit of . The CDs was solved numerically using MATLAB’s pdepe while eigenvalues found in transcendental equation were obtained using MATLAB’s fsolve. Comparison between the numerical and analytic solutions were considered with sensitivity analysis of diffusion coefficient and membrane coefficient studied.
A study of involuntary micturition (urine flow) in a slowly varying urethral diameter precipitated by an intense urge to urinate have been considered. The urethra have been assumed to be cylindrical in shape; and elastic since its made up of muscles. Even though the urethra is elastic, the pressure causing voiding is not enough to stretch the urethral walls. Thus no movement of the urethral walls during voiding implies the velocity profile is in axial direction with distance along the urethra called the axial distance. Consequently, the Navier-Stokes equation which describes the axial motion was solved to obtain an expression for velocity and pressure along the urethra assuming there is no abnormality in the Lower Urinary Tract (LUT) and that the urine is already stored in the bladder. Asymptotic limit to determine the expression for urethral axial velocity close to the end of micturition process was also considered.
This paper presents a low cost and flexible home control and environmental monitoring system. It employs an embedded micro – web server in Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, with IP connectivity for accessing and controlling devices and appliances remotely. These devices can be controlled through a web application or via Bluetooth Android based Smart phone app. The proposed system does not require a dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication protocol to monitor and control the home environment with more than just the switching functionality. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this system, devices such as light switches, power plug, temperature sensor, gas sensor and motion sensors have been integrated with the proposed home control system.
It is established that special relativity and quantum mechanics are two very wide apart theories of measurements in modern physics in terms of determinism versus indeterminism. Modern physics accepts indeterminism against classical determinism. But it is remarkable that Einstein's special relativity in its present form alone contains the basic ingredients of quantum theory. Einstein's theory can give a simple theoretical proof of the Planck's quantum hypothesis and can explain the origin of mass out of zero rest mass of photon. This article at the first place shows how to proceed in this path from relativistic energy momentum relations and at the second place it shows the reason of energy and momentum indeterminacy from the framework of relativity. At the last phase the article puts a question on the sustainability of special relativity itself before oscillation of any kind. This paper deals with the matter to the extent special relativity containing quantum theory.
Drilling is on the basic machining process of making holes and it is essentially for manufacturing Industry like Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry and Medical Industry.In the present work by using Taguchi approach the End Milling of EN 31 Steel Alloy is carried out in order to Optimize the Milling process parameter and the Surface Roughness.A run order was devlop by using Three Milling Process parameter i.e. Speed,Feed Rate and Depth of cut.Each having Three levels using L9 Orthogonal Array.The Nine Experiment are perfomed and surface roughness is calculated the Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N Ratio) of predicated value and verification Test value are vaild when compare with the Optimum values.
In this paper we are attempting to reproduce the ECG, Pulse rate and the Body temperature signals that we observe individually on the monitor screen of the hospitals on an Android device collectively. The signals are transmitted from a data acquisition system in real time to the Android device via Bluetooth. The system is compatible with the Android app that has been designed and developed and is much more precise as compared to the other available apps. The system is capable of handling numerous Android devices and distributes the collected data for diagnostic purpose and evaluation taking into consideration the architecture of Android OS. The system has three switches which can be turned on or off to view the parameters on the Android screen. It has its own power source and as such can be used for a longer duration of time. Also the app that has developed is easy to understand and as such can be used by anyone who possess a Smartphone thereby turning it into a virtual health monitoring system.
The present study deals with numerical analysis of reinforced (RC) simply supported beam strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) element. The two commonly used techniques near surface mounted (NSM) and externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) are considered. For the NSM technique, the two configurations of strengthening by CFRP, rod and sheet, have been used, while Sheet type at bottom surface of beam is used for EBR technique. ANSYS V15 has been employed to achieve the present work. Also study is focused on investigation of some parameters that may affect the performance of strengthened RC beam. Parameter studied here are; effect of NSM CFRP ratio, configuration of CFRP type of reinforcement (rod or sheet), distribution of NSM CFRP rod area through beam width and the effect of simulation of epoxy grove.
Cobalt chloride, a known hypoxic agent is able to induce angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. The concept of this study is to sense the effect of CoCl2 during development, using zebrafish as model system. Embryos exposed transdermally to varying concentrations (0.5-5μM) of CoCl2 has shown to enhance the formation of blood vessel and intersegmental vessel (ISV), as detected by RBC and alkaline phosphatase staining respectively. Length, size, sprouting junction of blood vessels were measured using the software angioquant and shown significant change with increasing concentrations. An increase in VEGF, VEGF-R2 and HIF-1α mRNA expression were observed through qPCR, while western blotting analysis revealed a considerable increase in VEGF expression and a complete inhibition of VEGF under hypoxia with SU5416, an inhibitor of VEGF signalling. The ability of CoCl2 to induce angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos might be through the enhanced expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and VEGF-R2, the key player of angiogenesis and the results obtained with SU 5416 is suggestive the involvement of VEGF signalling during embryonic development.
Electrical resistivity survey has been carried out at The Polytechnic, Ibadan North Campus to characterize the subsurface geoelectric sequences and evaluate the ground water potential of the area.The area is underlain by Precambrian basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria. A total of thirty five Vertical Electrical Sounding stations were conducted across the areas using Schlumberger electrode array with maximum half current electrode (AB/2) spacing of 75m. The interpretation of the VES result revealed three to five geoelectric layers comprising the top soil, lateritic clay, weathered basement, fractured basement and presumably fresh bedrock. The weathered and fractured basement are the aquifer types delineated for the area with the fractured basement being significant in enhancing the groundwater potential in the area. The weathered basement in about 80% of the area is clayey and has low permeability but offers moderate to high protective capacity to the underlying fractured basement aquifer.The resistivity of the fractured basement range from 96-846ohm-m with a mean value of 403 ohm-m.Based on the value of geoelectic parameters obtained, the groundwater potential of the area is rated medium to high. A sustainable groundwater development project is therefore feasible in the institution.
In this paper, it has been tried to explain the relation between the length of spirals in the structure of elementary particles with the Energy and Mass of the corresponding observable particle. It also explains the expansive behavior of gluon in nucleon for the length of constituent spiral structure of quark. Referring into the information system of Universe at different scales of information processing varying in collective analysis of information cells, it tries to explain the conservation of information been carried out by the SU (1) gauge symmetry group of Universe across different generations of Universe being reflected through the study of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. It also tries to derive the expression for creation & annihilation operator for the Universe.
One of the fundamental goals of geodesy is to precisely define positions of points on the surface of the Earth, so it is necessary to establish a well-defined geodetic datum for geodetic measurements and positioning computations. Recently, a set of the coordinates established by using GPS and referred to an international terrestrial reference frame could be used as a three-dimensional geocentric reference system for a country. Based on this modern concept, in 1992, the Egypt Survey Authority (ESA) established two networks. The first net is called High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN) and consisted of 30 stations, 200 km spacing. The second network was established to cover the cultivated areas (Nile Valley and Delta) so it is called the National Agricultural Cadastral Network (NACN) with spacing 30 to 40 km. To transfer the International Terrestrial Reference Frame to the HARN, the HARN was connected with four IGS stations. The processing results were 1:10,000,000 (Order A) for HARN and 1:1,000,000 (Order B) for NACN relative network accuracy standard between stations defined in ITRF1994 Epoch 1996.
A method of knowledge discovery in which data is analyzed from various perspectives and then summarized to extract useful information is called data mining. This information is then used to increase the company revenues and decrease costs to a significant level. The companies who give utmost importance to customer satisfaction use data mining approach for various financial, communication, marketing and retail functions. Social marketers can identify their customer habits earlier than competitors through the patterns and relations in buying behavior.
We consider functionals defined on some certain subspaces of a partial O*-algebra M (i.e, a standard, unital, subalgebra, of a partial *- algebras〖 L〗_w^+ (D,H) ). On these subspaces we define the right *-representations(resp., left *--representations) and using such representations we introduce the right (resp., left) regular functionals related to the Bitrace. Simple relations are given for such functionals.
This paper focuses on mitigation of channel impariment in Ethernet wireless local area network. During the data collection procedure, the flowchart for the queuing behaviour of Ethernet was shown, the throughput data presentation as well as the MATLAB CODE were also presented in this paper. The major objective of this paper is to establish the influence of varying the traffic intensity and the network size of Ethernet quality of service (QOS). The network is developed and converted into MATLAB simulation model.
Pattern drafting provides the pattern block which provides the basic shapes for manipulation and development. Pattern drafting is a construction method, allowing the measurement of the body and minimum levels of ease to satisfy comfort and function. However, the block which provides the drafting method, we cannot use the same block for woven apparel design and also for knitwear design. So, the block depends on fabric characteristics. The research outlines methods and results to establish the system of pattern drafting and emendation pattern block according to fabric characteristics. Although ease is generally considered as an addition to the dimensions, it may also be subtraction and is dependent on many factors including body movement, fabric characteristics, comfort preferences and garment styling. To develop a block and then design enlargement, first we need to draft the pattern block with minimum ease and then need to develop the pattern according to fabric characteristics (shrinkage & elongation presentence).
The role that social classes play in shaping the beliefs within the organizations was studied in this study. It was seen that education is one of the most prominent predictor that associates the label of different social classes with the employees working within the organizations. Moreover, the high cost of education from the esteemed organizations is also another reason behind the increased discrimination towards the lower social classes. However, individuals who have originated from lower social classes like Roger Enrico are also working on the prominent positions because of their untiring efforts and competitiveness. Still, discriminatory practices within the organizations can be seen on the major levels because of the certain associations that are attached with specific social classes. For that reason, top management should take stringent actions to eradicate these malign practices from their organizations.
Contourlet Transform is an emerging technique which captures directionality and smooth contours that are predominantly present in medical images. Image Registration is a fundamental task used in image processing to match reference and sensed images taken at different times, from different sensors or from different viewpoints to bring images into geometric alignment. The term Fusion means in general an approach to extraction of information acquired in several domains. Both registration and fusion provide effective information to the specialists for diagnosis in the field of medicine. This paper aims at registration and fusion of mono modal and multimodal medical images using Contourlet Transform. A comparative analysis has also been made between the Wavelet and Contourlet transform for medical image registration and fusion.
Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) is a technique used to accomplish the demand of large capacity. It is an alternative to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Capacity can be enlarged by enhancing the bit rate of already existing channel in time division multiplexing. In this paper, to compensate dispersion different dispersion compensation techniques are used. Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) system has large bandwidth and large transmission capacity as compared to Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system. So, DCF techniques are employed on WDM and OTDM and both are compared in terms of Quality Factor and Bit error rate at 40 Gb/s bit rate.
In this research paper, the authors have dealt the various methods of Tunnel Lining design in elastically embedded soil and compared them. For the design of tunnel lining in elastically embedded soil , Zurabov and Bougayeva assume a continuous monolithic tunnel lining as a ring and thus take into account the support offered by the ground in the form of an elastic foundation. This method is considerably more accurate than the Davidov's method because has not considered the elastic subgrade reaction of subsoil. Davidov while calculating the stresses in ring neglects the effect of the lateral earth reaction and also the deflection at the horizontal diameter. Further A.M. Muir Wood and Morgan has also worked out empirical methods for solutions of ring design in elastically embedded soil. Out of the empirical methods in design of tunnel lining considered as a monolithic ring, Zurabov & Bougayeva method gives better approximate results, although for accurate results 3D Finite Element method may be adopted.
An integrated geophysical and geotechnical investigation has been conducted as pre-foundation study at the proposed site of vocational skill and entrepreneurship centre, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria. This is aimed at evaluating the competence of the the foundation materials in the near surface formation . The study involved twelve vertical electrical sounding (VES) using schlumberger electrode array and geotechnical laboratory test on six soil samples of the subsoil within the study area. Four distinct geo electric layers were delineated; the top soil, laterite, weathered layer and fractured basement. The layer resistivity and thickness ranges are 87.6-344.3ohm-m and 0.6-2.3m; 129.1-607.3ohm-m and 1.2-8.6m, 27.9-209.9 ohm-m and 6.3 -26..3m and 42.5-613 ohm-m for the four layers respectively. The overburden thickness in the area generally exceed 10m. The percentage passing 0.075mm, Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index, Linear Shrinkage, Natural moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, Optimum Moisture Content and Unconfined Compressive Strength ranges are 21.3-32.4, 30-38%, 6.4-8.9%, 0.8-5.7%, 7.5-11.7,1.68-1.83g/cm3, 16-18% and 130 – 145KN/m2 respectively. In the area the subsoil within or on which civil engineering structure can be placed are composed mainly of clayey sand and laterite with a mean resistivity value of 240 ohm-m and all geotechnical parameters were within specification for subsoil foundation materials. It can be concluded therefore that the subsoil within the study area are generally competent as foundation material to host the proposed structure.
3-stage Authentication system is a system which identifies the user who wishes to gain access to the system .Our proposed system overcomes the shortcomings of the current authentication system like textual password, graphical password etc and providing a cheap and effective solution for authentication by using digital watermarking and other techiques to hide the password. Here we have used the digital watermarking technique based on joint DWT and DCT transform.
With the rapid development of the medical science more and more medical images are generated rapidly like MRI, CT scan, X-ray etc. Due to that an efficient system is essential for the indexing, storing and analyzing such images. The analyzing cost of such images is very high. The analysis quality also differs and highly prone to errors. The classification of such images is a quite harder job. Hence it is essential to develop a strong system for classification of such images. The analysis of the medical images provides a way of detecting and predicting diseases in the images. Since various techniques are implemented for the analysis of images containing diseases. The existing technique implemented for the disease classification using manifold learning provides efficient detection and classification of diseases in MRI images [1]. But the technique implemented for the disease classification is based support vector machine based classifier which is less efficient and contains more error rate. Hence an efficient technique is implemented for the disease classification by the optimization of support vector machine using particle swarm optimization. The proposed technique implemented here provides efficient classification and detection of diseases in the image.
In this research, a comparison between constant eddy viscosity and zero equation turbulence models using velocity and vorticity profiles was exerted. A 3D model called IRIC (International River Interface Corporative) based on an explicit finite difference method using upwind scheme was applied. Therefore, in order to calibrate and verify this model, velocities of five different cross sections of Ibrahimia channel, Egypt, were used. The hydrographic and riverbed bathymetric surveys of Ibrahimia channel were carried out by Hydraulics Research Institute “HRI” of the National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, using the provided echo-sounder light boat. The velocity measurements were carried out at locations of km: 6.0, km: 26.0, km: 41.0, km: 47.0 and km: 53.0 from the upstream boundary of Ibrahimia channel. It was determined from calibration process that the final calibrated Manning's coefficient was 0.027 that gave an excellent results compared with field ones. From this research, it was found that, the error between simulated velocities using constant eddy viscosity and field data ranged about from 0.0 % to +16.67 %, but this error varied between -5.8 % and +4.76 % using zero equation turbulence model. This means that, these models give a good simulation results and could be used, and zero equation turbulence model is more accurate than constant eddy viscosity model by about 12 %.
The employment of hydrogen as a fuel in a diesel engine or dual fuel engine researched since mid 70’s of the last century. As an alter-native fuel, many researchers suggested hydrogen for two aspects: fuel economy and emission. In this study, the influence of cooled EGR on the engine performance and emissions of 4-cylinder duel fuel engine fueled with hydrogen and diesel investigated. The effect of the air-fuel ratio (AFR) at constant engine speed (1500rpm) and optimum injection timing is presented.
Evolution of electronics has brought down the size of a transistor from millimeter to micrometer scale.
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases(CVD) still remain as main factor of invalidity, morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Despite known factors (genetic predisposition, gender, age, arterial hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, C reactive protein) recently in the ethiology of CVD raised total Homocysteine (Hcyt) is considered also. Corelation between raised Hcyt and CVD was dissevered 25 years ago by Carson and Neil, who saw a defect of Hcyt metabolism in a patient with rasied Hcyt. In this cases is verified lack several enzymes which enable normal metabolism of Hcyt. Therefore as result of these metabolic disorders of Hcyt, clinical picture of raised Hcyt and its accumulation in blood-hyperhomocysteinema appears. Several studies have verified taht 15-30% of cases with CVD are result of hyperhomocysteinemia (1). Aim of this paper: Aim of this paper is to examine concentrations of Hcyt and lipid profile in patients with essential arterial hypertension and positive personal history for CVD, comparing them with the control group composed from healthy individuals. Our study aimed to verify the role of Homocysteine as new indipendent risk factor on the onset of early atherosclerosis (artherosclerosis prematura) and atheromateous processes in coronary arteries in patients with CVD and the impact of raised Hcy in evaluating arterial hypertension. This paper aimed to propose medical measures to corect and treat hyperhomocysteineia, which obviously would decrease the consequences of Hcyt on CVD and arterial hypertension.
This study was done with the aim of finding the relationship between All share price index of Colombo stock exchange of Sri Lanka and the macro economic variables.
In the construction of engineering structures it sometimes becomes necessary to use light weight aggregate to reduce costs from forced use of heavy concrete mixes. In this paper, the artificial network method is applied to search for a simpler and quicker way of arriving at optimal mix ratio using light kernel shell aggregates. The method serves as an alternative to the time consuming experimental trial and error methods of arriving at the required lightweight aggregate concrete for construction. The work involves building a multi-layer perceptron neural network model whose input data are the same experimental data used to obtain the compressive strength values for the formulation of the concrete compressive strength regression model of palm kernel shell (PKS) aggregate. The result of the study is validated using correlation analysis between the ANN result and regression model result.
Information and communication services have too much vulnerability that produces a new type of crime, illegal behaviour and bad activities such as stealing, attack and broke data onto the internet and communication tools. The growing of information and communication technology elements such as hand held devices, network and computer has caused increasing the risk of cyber-attack. Therefore, cyber security becomes a big issue, for today to protect information, catch the attackers and decrease the risk of cyber-attack, especially in front of private sectors and electronic governments.
Addiction is a strong or harmful need to regularly have or do something and the list of addictive habit is practically inexhaustible. Various researchers have attempted to explain why man has found it nearly impossible to break even from the habit of cigarette smoking (referred to as smoking in this research) and indeed doing that is obviously not within the limit and scope of this article.
Remote sensing is become more important in monitoring local, regional, Global resources and environment [4]. Remote sensing technique has been used to illustrate the land use/cover dynamics of the district of South Goa located between Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Land sat seven and eight (ETM+) images were acquired from glovis.usgs and were used to quantify the changes in south Goa from 2005 to 2015. Supervised Classification methodology has been employed using Maximum Likelihood Technique in ERDAS IMAGINE [13], [12], [9]. Land use of the study area were categorized into five different classes, viz. built-up area, vegetation, agricultural land, water bodies and barren land. The results reveled that there has been a significant increase cultivable land in the middle and central areas and a tremendous decrease in natural vegetation area. There has been an increase in built up area around major cities such as Margao and Vasco due to increasing population, upcoming industries and tourism related activities. This study highlights the importance of geo-spatial technology in change detection studies.
This paper represents a comparative analysis of G+1 structure with and without floating columns. These days floating columns are used in multi-storey buildings. Some of the advantages floating columns has attracted architects to go for structures with floating column. The maximum bending moment of the structures are compared in this paper. The cost of the structure is mainly dependent on the maximum moments that are found out. Structures are designed for this maximum bending moment. A 2D frame analysis has been done using SAP 2000. The comparative analysis gives us the maximum bending moment that comes on structures with and without floating column. From which we can find out which of the structure will be more economical. SAP2000 is used for the purpose of analysis of 2D frame and analysis has been carried out.
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. The plate heat exchanger (PHE) is a specialized design well suited to transferring heat between medium- and low-pressure fluids. Welded, semi-welded and brazed heat exchangers are used for heat exchange between high-pressure fluids or where a more compact product is required. The hot fluid flows in one direction in alternating chambers while the cold fluid flows in true counter-current flow in the other alternating chambers. The heat transfer surface consists of a number of thin corrugated plates pressed out of a high grade metal. The pressed pattern on each plate surface induces turbulence and minimizes stagnant areas and fouling. Unlike shell and tube heat exchangers, which can be custom-built to meet almost any capacity and operating conditions, the plates for plate and frame heat exchangers are mass-produced using expensive dies and presses. In this paper we designed the PHE for the required operating conditions. In the design we calculated the overall heat transfer coefficient of PHE. The heat transfer rate and the number of plates required for the PHE were also calculated. Cost optimization of the designed PHE was carried out and it has been found that there is a considerable drop in the cost of the heat exchanger.
Haemozoin is among the targets in malaria medication and some antimalarials are known to inhibit this compound as the mechanism of their actions. The essence of this experiment is to determine the inhibitory effect of seed extract of Picralima nitida on β-haemozin. Seeds of this plant were collected, identified and were extracted using ethanol. Plasmodium berghei was cultured from blood of infected mice and cultures at the ring stage (12 to18 h) with parasitemia of about 5% were used. Different concentrations of the extract (80 μg/mL, 160 μg/mL, 240 μg/mL, 320 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL) dissolved with 3 % tween 80 were used for the assay. Parasitized red blood culture treated with chloroquine at 10 μg/mL was used as standard control while untreated parasitized red blood cell culture was used as positive control. Various concentrations of haemin standard dissolved in DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) were used to get a standard plot for the extrapolation of the amount of haemozoin formed. At various time intervals (0 h, 18 h, 24 h, and 30 h) spread over approximately 30 h, the cultures were harvested and haemozoin contents measured spectrophotometrically. The results of the haemozoin formation assay showed that at 18 and 30 hours time interval, all the test groups had significant (p < 0.05) decrease in haemozoin concentration compared to the positive control (culture without treatment) while at 24 hour time interval, cultures treated with 240 μg/ml and 400 μg/ml of the extract showed non-significant (p > 0.05) decrease in haemozoin concentration. When compared with the standard control and haemin solution at the various time intervals (18, 24 and 30 hours), all test groups had significant (p < 0.05) increase in haemozoin concentration. Therefore, the extract of Picralima nitida was observed to inhibit the formation of haemozoin in malaria parasite in a non dose-dependent fashion.
This thesis presents the drying characteristics of maize seeds (Zea mays L.) using a hybrid drier. The hybrid drier provided with a flat plate concentrating solar collector and an air heater performed better than sun drying method as well as any other solar drier. The average air temperatures at collector outlet and inside the drier were found about 22.71°C and 17.22°C higher than the average ambient air temperature, respectively. The collector efficiency varied from 20% to 32% depending on the global solar radiation. The experimental data was fitted to nine thin layer drying equations. A non-linear regression analysis was used to fit the thin layer drying equations. The models were compared using the coefficient of determination, mean relative percent error, root mean square error and the reduced chi-square. The Page model showed a better fit to the experimental data as compared to other models. Here, the highest R2 (close to 1) and the lowest RMSE values indicate the highest grade point and highest average grade point ranked first. Samples dried in the hybrid drier were completely protected from insects, rain and dusts, and the dried samples were hygienic.
Differential Liberation (DL) test results, one of the standard experiments performed by Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) laboratories on reservoir fluid samples (black oil) are presented. The laboratory DL test data was simulated using Peng-Robinson Equation of State on HYSYS. The simulated results were compared graphically and statistically to the experimental data in terms of oil formation volume factor (FVF), solution gas-oil ratio (GOR), liberated GOR, gas compressibility factor (z-factor), and gas composition, with respect to pressure, respectively. The simulation result exhibited similar trends to the experimental data in terms of oil FVF, oil liberate GOR, oil solution GOR, and gas Z-Factor. The bubble point pressure from the experimental result is 3734 psig, while that of the simulation result is 3762.9 psig. This gave an absolute deviation of 0.774 %, a satisfactory match to the laboratory (experimental) data. This show that equations of state, when sufficiently tuned can simulate the PVT properties of reservoir fluids, and can minimize the need to perform complete set of experimental PVT tests (DL) on each and every new reservoir fluid
Contract signing protocol is a new way of interacting two parties online though communication devices. Since communication is done though internet or media so authentication is required between these parties to check the contract is done between right parties or not. The main aim of contract signing is fairness between parties. Although there are various techniques implemented to provide authentication and fairness between these parties such as by R. Song, but these techniques contains some issues, hence a new and efficient technique is implemented here to provide prevention from various attacks and fairness between parties.
A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. The network is decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes themselves, i.e., routing functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes. As it is decentralized, the problem of fair distribution of available bandwidth among traffic flows or aggregates remains an essential issue in computer networks. Unlike wired networks, some unique characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks seriously deteriorate TCP performance. These characteristics include the unpredictable wireless channels due to fading and interference, the vulnerable shared media access due to random access collision, the hidden terminal problem and the exposed terminal problem, and the frequent route breakages due to node mobility. Undoubtedly, all of these pose great challenges on TCP to provide reliable end-to-end communications in mobile ad hoc networks. This paper focuses on fair distribution of bandwidth over TCP networks preventing packet losses and implementing congestion control for reducing bit error rates.
In the current study, “Brief Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia” was used to improve sleep quality in depressed patients. First, all participants, according to the population, were randomly selected and after clinical interview, they were categorized in two groups. Then, pre-test was performed on each participant and after intervention (sleep management) on experimental group, post-test was performed. Finally, data were analyzed for statistically assessing the effectiveness of intervention. There were 30 participants in the current study, who were randomly categorized into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. “Beck Depression Inventory”, “Insomnia Severity Index”, “Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)” and “Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)” were used as measures. The investigation of the effect of sleep management on cognitive function (memory and nonverbal conceptualization) in MDD with insomnia. The aim of the present study was investigating the effect of sleep management on depression, insomnia, and cognitive functions (memory and nonverbal conceptualization). To test the research hypotheses, analysis of covariance was used. The results were indicated that there is no significant difference between the groups’ post-tests on the depression variable (P> 0.05). In addition, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups on the insomnia variable as the groups’ post-tests. The effect size, which is an indicator of the impact of the independent variable on the dependent one, was 0.24. Moreover, the results of covariance analysis for the cognitive functions (memory and nonverbal conceptualization) were shown that there is a significant difference between the groups’ post-tests on the memory sub-component (P< 0.05). However, the difference was not significant in the case of nonverbal conceptualization (P>0. 05). The effect size for the memory and nonverbal conceptualization was 0.30 and 0.01, respectively. To improve cognitive functions (memory and nonverbal conceptualization) in MDD with insomnia, we decided to manage sleeping in patients. We hypothesized that sleep management improve cognitive functions (memory and nonverbal conceptualization), depression and insomnia. Results were shown that only cognitive function (memory) and insomnia significantly improved by sleep management. However, depression did not shown significant differences. Moreover, we hope, sleep management along with other treatments reduces the possibility of recurrence in depressed patients. Nevertheless, it can be speculated that the findings from the present study may have implications for clinical treatment, rehabilitation and clinical research on patients with major depression.
This paper investigates the combined effects of buoyancy force and fluid injection/suction on heat and mass transfer by a steady hydromagnetic boundary layer flow of a conducting incompressible fluid that is homogenously chemically reactive over a permeable surface in the presence of heat source and sink. The governing equations of momentum, energy and concentration balance were developed and transformed to a set of ordinary differential equations by method of similarity transformation and solved numerically. The influence of various pertinent parameters on the fluid velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient, plate temperature, rate of heat and mass transfer are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
Osmotic dehydration of mango fruits (Mangifer indica L.) is directed towards reduction of its seasonal losses at glut. Effects of sucrose concentrations; 40 to 65°Brix; temperatures; 30 to 50 ºC and time of immersion between 0 to 180 min were studied using samples of diced mango cubes of 2 cm3 dimensions. The measured response variables of water loss, solute gain and performance ratio were subjected to statistical analysis. The results were modelled and optimised on the premise of maximum WL and minimum SG and maximum PR as constraints using the modified distance approach of the response surface methodology (Design Expert 6.08). Optimal osmotic dehydration evaluated were 59.19oBx, 32.06oC and 156.min. of 53.03°Bx sucrose concentration yielded 42.32% WL, 3.41% SG and PR of 10.69 with a desirability of about 89.73%. The results showed that all the input process variables had a significant effect at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). Optimal process conditions adopted in a semi-continuous pilot plant yielded about 47 (%) water loss and 7.1 (%) solute gain of the initial sample content. The system proved efficient in the treatment of mango with performance ratio in the range of 3 – 7 and could be used in the food industry for the preservation of fruits. More so, the model could be used to predict operational conditions for the OD of other similar fruits.
This paper analyzed a comparative transient performance includes work on the development of a fuzzy logic power system stabilizer to enhance the damping of generator oscillations In order to accomplish a stability enhancement. Speed deviation (Am) and acceleration (Aw) of the rotor synchronous generator were taken as the input to the fuzzy logic controller. These variables take significant effects on damping the generator shaft mechanical oscillations. The stabilizing signals were computed using the fuzzy membership function depending on these variables. The performance of the fuzzy logic power system stabilizer was compared with the conventional power system stabilizer and without power system stabilizer. To achieve good damping characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions, speed deviation and acceleration of a synchronous machine are chosen as the input Signal to the stabilizers. The stabilizing signal is determined from certain rules for rule-based power system stabilizer. For fuzzy logic based power system stabilizer, the supplementary stabilizing signal is determined according to the fuzzy membership function depending on the speed and acceleration states of the generator.
Watermarking is a new way of hiding secrete information so that the information is not accessible by other users. Since various techniques are implemented for the security of these secrete messages such as using spread spectrum technique. But the technique implemented so far is not efficient in terms of bit error rate and watermark signal strength. Hence a new and efficient technique is implemented using Hybrid Encryption-Compression based watermarking for the secrete hiding of information. The proposed methodology implemented here provides efficient results as compared to other existing techniques implemented for Watermarking.
Worldwide transportation sector has witnessed dynamic developments in recent years. The motivation to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce the environmental impact caused due to this sector-paved way for the evolution of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Today the world is looking at more advanced options like the plug-in electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. In this scenario, the economic aspects of these vehicles assume great importance, especially for the developing countries. This paper considers an internal combustion engine-driven Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) and a small car as the reference vehicles and derives equivalent electric and hybrid electric vehicle configurations for these. Further analysis indicates most economic configurations for the SUV and small car segments.
Particulate matter (PM) makes diesel engine exhaust contributes substantially to ambient air pollution. Many disease infections in the respiratory and the cardiovascular system are created by PM as proofed by several valuable articles. Particulate matters (PM) emitted from Automotives and stationary engines threaten the public health because PM carries polyaromatic carcinogenic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Several kinds of alternative fuels have been adopted and tested for diesel engines as an effort to reduce emitted PM from diesel engines.
General effect of heavy metal is worldwide problem that posed and render environment polluted by causing destruction to both biotic and abiotic substances due to the human activities both Industrial as well as Agricultural practice. The effect of lead (Pb) on growth of Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) was analyzed by mix contamination of 1kg of soil mechanically using variable concentration of lead as (0.3g, 0.6g and 0.9g) and (0.0) contained no external lead as control in the experimental garden. During plantation period of one month the plants was watered with deionised water throughout the experimental period in an alternative days to ensured maintenance of soil moisture near to the field capacity which followed by harvest at developmental stage. Shoot length, root length and fresh plant weight biomass was recorded.
In this paper the main reason for designing welding fixture for Bishoftu Bus body frame, Ethiopia is to produce the body of the bus in Bishoftu Automotive and Locomotive Industry, Ethiopia. The bus is currently assembled in the industry by importing all components and subassemblies. It is a common practice to build bus body on a truck chassis by welding individual components to the chassis. This process has a big problem of repeatability and standardization in terms of shape and dimensional accuracy. The other practice is using a welding template or use of a replica of the actual product as a template placed on a heavy welding table supported with clamping devices. This method is easy fast and less costly method. The problem of this method is lack of accuracy and duplication of errors especially when manufacturing in large quantity. The other practice is using modular fixturing method like that of Demmeler modular fixturing system. This is the best methods, which provides all advantages gained from using modular fixtures. The only problem is its very high cost. The new design is composed of variable length square frame with dovetail guide ways machined on four faces along the length. Determination of geometric and dimensional tolerances for the Bishoftu bus body Frame is done by Variation of the process, variation of the fixture and variation of the parts. And we conclude that at minimum gap, which is maximum material condition (MMC), there will be interference, which practically is not acceptable. In case of (LMC) List Material Condition, which is the maximum gap, the gap extends beyond limit. Consequently, sizes are adjusted and corrected accordingly, and when changing equal bilateral tolerances in to unilateral tolerances some problems also will reduced. The rest of the wider gap in case of List Material Condition will remain unchanged.
The World Wide Web today has a massive amount of widely distributed, interconnected, rich and dynamic hypertext data. One of the Text mining objectives is to extract knowledge from unstructured textual data. The contribution in this research is to design and implement a system combining morphology, synonyms, indexing and databases for Text Mining and Information Retrieval with different modes regarding morphology and synonyms. The used approach is based on preprocessing the Arabic text to convert it into semi-structured indexed database. A suitable indexing method and an appropriate searching mechanism are used to extract the required information. The proposed model is evaluated and it showed Average recall between 85% and 100% depending on the selected mode. It also showed average precision between 73.2% and 90.33% and average F-measure of 87.03.
In this research work, subsurface lithology in Ologbo area of Edo state was delineated using two-dimensional geoelectrical resistivity imaging technique. The Petrozenith earth resistivity meter equipment was employed using the Wenner-Schlumberger electrode configuration. Two locations were investigated within the study area which includes Near Pipeline Route, off NNPC Road (line 11) and Lonestar Area (line 18). A total of seventy-eight Wenner-Schlumberger sounding were obtained in each of the area, while the data was inverted using the Zondres 2D software. The results show the presence of laterite, sand and gravel in the area.
Human tracking is an emerging research field in computer vision and video surveillance. Lightning changes and occlusion are the main challenges faced during tracking. This paper focuses on people tracking both in indoor and outdoor scenes. Our method is based on color modeling using tensor voting framework, which can handle these challenges. The lightning conditions are controlled by homomorphic filtering and occlusion is handled by modelling the color clothing of each individual. Tensor voting is non-iterative method in which only the scale has to be specified at beginning and is able to build number of clusters automatically. The experimental work shows that our method can track the person successfully and also handle occlusion by finding the centroid of a person.
If any number in the form of 2m + 1 produces a prime number then obviously m is in the form of 2n where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,.... In honor of great mathematician Pierre de Fermat, this number has been named as Fermat number i.e. Fn = 22^n +1. So Fermat number may produce prime number or composite number. By physical verification it is observed that Fn is prime for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4 But for n > 4 it is found to be composite or a single factor with unknown character. There is no proof in favor of prime number for n > 4. With the help of Ns operation as defined in my paper published in IJSER, Vol-4, Issue-8, Aug-edition 2013 regarding ‘Mystery of Beal Equation’ it has been possible to prove that there is no existence of any prime for n > 4.
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) have recently gained the attention of the research community due to their wide range of applications and are currently being used in several applications in which Multimedia Surveillance Sensor Network and Environment monitoring are important ones. These applications need to continuously capture images in order to monitor certain events. In this paper an energy efficient mechanism Energy Efficient Sensing and Web-based Sharing (EESWS) is presented in which the target detection capability is increased by means of rotation of IP camera sensor node in WMSN as it detects any target in its Field of View (FoV), rotates until the target moves out of CS’s FoV and activates the video module when either target stops or roaming around a particular position. Multimedia contents, captured by IP camera, can be viewed directly by remote user, through either making connection between IP camera and itself i.e. with mobile phones, PCs etc. or can be viewed after getting alert message from the network. The multimedia contents of target environment then can be uploaded to social networking cloud. On an average 47.13% energy efficiency is achieved in EESWS.
High power Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) system is an integral part of future fusion reactors and one of the prominent auxillary heating systems utilized for tokamak heating experiment.
Nigeria is a major oil producer and therefore embarks on substantial drilling activities. The drilling activities for the development of petroleum and underground natural resources are indeed consuming large quantities of clay for drilling mud preparations, of which are being imported. In this research work, the rheological formulation of our locally sourced Bentonite clay in substitute for the imported foreign Bentonite clay was carried out by the comparative analysis of the parameters of the local mud with the stipulated API standard values of imported mud to ascertain the level of compliance in drilling operation. At the end of this laboratory analysis, it was obvious that most of the properties of the local clay such as: mud weight, gel strength, sand content, consistency index and power law index meet the standard specification of imported foreign drilling mud, while other rheological properties and mud pH needed a little treatment with additives to improve it properties to meet that of a foreign imported mud.
In the past few years the global need for low cost, high performance and good quality materials has caused a shift in research from monolithic to composite materials. In case of MMC’s, aluminum matrix composite due to their high strength to weight ratio, low cost and high wear resistance are widely manufactured and used in structural applications along with aerospace and automobile industry. Metal matrix compositions (MMC) have become a leading materials and particles reinforced aluminum MMCs have received considerable attention due to their excellent mechanical properties like high hardness, high tensile strength etc. In this study, homogenized (2%, 4%, and 6%) by weight of alumina & (3%,6, and 9%) by weight of graphite aluminium metal matrix composite materials were fabricated and selected as work piece for experimental investigations of hardness, wear behaviour, XRD & SEM. X-Ray Diffraction test shows degree of angle is between 35 to 45. Scanning Electron Microscope test shows electron variation at different magnification it also shows the distribution of Alumina and Graphite particles in aluminium alloy. It has been observed that increase of reinforcement element produced better mechanical properties such as hardness & tribological properties such as wear. A pin on disc tribometer was used for wear test. Wear test were carried out by different sliding distance, speed and load. After wear test scanning electron microscope was used to examine the wear mechanism on the worn surfaces of the composites.
Settlement in riverbanks of Pampang is located in a strategic point and near to the public facilities. This position changes the riverbank settlement area of Pampang to be rapidly developed. As its impact, the number of public spaces is decreasing. Otherwise, lack of public spaces encourages residents around Pampang to do many social activities at riverbanks and open space around the river, thus it influences the system of spaces utilization. This research identification the system of spaces utilization related to the diversity of social activities in Pampang. This is a descriptive research which uses cognitive mapping analysis to the social activity according to the system of spaces utilization with spaces mapping and activities of residents. So the research will find intact descriptions to the kinds of activities on each function of space within intervals of spaces’ utilities. This research concludes that the social activities can change form of spaces by making several additional elements to the public spaces, such as semi-permanent seats under the trees and gazebos for social interactions. Mostly the public spaces are put along the riverbank, so the river becomes more interesting with many activities around it.
In this work, the performance of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), which has zero ozone depleting potential and very low global warming potential, was investigated as working fluid in the vapour compression refrigerating system as a possible alternative. The LPG used for the study consist the mixture of propane and butane in the ratio 60/40% by mass. An experimental refrigerator was developed as test rig and the rig was charged with 50g of LPG. Tests were carried out at various ambient temperatures, producing average ambient temperatures ranging from 27.5 to 33.5℃. A steady-state process design and operational analysis simulation software, SIMSCI/PROII, was used to determine the enthalpy values for LPG refrigerant. The values obtained were then used to calculate important performance parameters. The results showed that as the ambient temperature increases, the coefficient of performance (COP), and the refrigeration capacity decreases, but the compressor power input increases. The average compressor power consumption of LPG was 12.5% lower than that of R134a, while the average refrigeration capacity and COP of LPG were 4.2% and 11.16% higher, respectively, than those of R134a. Finally, the results showed that, the system performed better with LPG than R134a. Therefore, LPG refrigerant can be successfully adopted.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) (NH4H2PO4) is an excellent inorganic non linear optical material with different device applications. In this present work, ADP crystal and neem leaves extract doped ADP (NADP) crystal has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometion (XRD) method. The XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature and the purity of the grown crystals. UV-Vis spectrum showed that good optical quality of ADP & NADP crystals. The functional group frequencies were identified and assigned from FTIR spectra.The emission spectra of the crystals were recorded using spectrofluorometer. The emission peaks of pure ADP and NADP were absorbed at 452 nm & 530 nm respectively.The optical band gap energy were estimated as 2.7468 eV & 2.3425 eV. Nonlinear optic measurement has been used to find the SHG efficiency. Thermal stability increases in ADP crystal by an organic additive of neem leaves extract has been determined by Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Some novel results of a combined sequential study of growth spirals on the basal surface of the ADP and NADP crystals by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is presented and discussed. Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), presence of element with weight percentage has been calculated.
Spirometery is the fundamental of Pulmonary Function Test that is used to diagnose various respiratory diseases. The inference of the disease is based on various Spirometric parameters that are derived from Volume-Time and Flow-Volume Curves. The aim of this work is to develop a Graphical User Interface (GUI) displaying Spirometric graphs and calculate important Spirometric parameters that depend on the type of the pneumotachometer used. The paper also presents a comparison between the developed spirometer and a reference spirometer.
In remote sensing, observation data are available with increasingly high spatial and spectral resolution, object-based image analysis approaches receive more and more attention. Object-based analysis uses regions or segments of an image as basic units. Segmentation provides building blocks for object-based analysis. Image segmentation partitions an image into non overlapping regions so that each region is as homogeneous and neighboring ones as different as possible. Multispectral (MS) images are the main type acquired by remote sensing radiometers. Here a bank of filters are used. So there uses local spectral histogram representation which consists of histograms of filter responses in a local window. To address the high dimensionality and boundary localization problems, proposed segmentation method is multivariate linear regression. Segmentation is linked to the scale issue. Meaningful structures and objects exist over a certain range of scales. Improper scales leads to oversegmentation and under segmentation.
ase study shows that Toilet is considered as a medium for disposal of human excreta to the sewage system for better and comfortable human living system. The word toilet is also called in many names internationally like latrine, lavatory, water closet, comfort room. Indians have invented ancient toilet system ?...
Human-human interaction is one of the most important characteristics of any group activity. Group activities could be anything like meetings, group discussions, debates, panel discussions, presentations, and sports, etc. Research in such field generally includes: gesture, gaze, haptic, and the speech. But the human style of interactions and communication poses lots of challenges for researchers from technological perspective.
Ninety nine Computer operators who were staff of related workstations provided data for the study. An open ended questionnaire was designed on the subjects at the end of the workday. Subjects were asked to describe their feelings or how intense their feelings like vision problems and any muscle, back, or joint pain. Questionnaire responses were scored on four scales: eye irritation, eye fatigue, back pain, and neck-shoulder pains. Measures of workstation features were correlated with the feelings or complaints reported by the subjects. The predicting variables included contrast ratios from screen T.Ato near and far positions of the operator, and screen to copy work as well as time spent on the computer. The result of the analysis showed that the only variable that consistently correlated with reported complaints was time spent on the computer. These correlation ranged from r =.22 (p<0.05),between time on the computer and neck shoulder pain, while between time and back pain was r =0.32 (p<0.05). The sum of the complaints correlated with time at r =0.36 (p<0.01). Forty two subjects who reported no complaints spent an average of 42% of day working with the computer, while fifty one subjects who reported symptoms spent 60% of time working on the computer, t92 = 3.22, (p<0.01). The paper discusses these results and made useful inferences for the safety of computer operators. The result further showed that the operators with few complaints used preferred workstations with less than half of the days work with breaks in work schedule. It can also be inferred that workstation design features would predict specific complaints among operators who spend most of their workday at the computer. The result, however, suggest that work break schedule may be a better predictor of operator feelings than workstation design. Thus optimal computer operation workstations may be most useful for operators who spend most work day at the computer.
This paper presents a survey of various techniques related to video surveillance system improving the security. The goal of this paper is to review of various travelling target detection and target tracking methods. This paper pointing to detection of travelling targets in video surveillance system then tracking the detected targets in the view.Ttravelling target detection is first low level important task for any video surveillance application. Detection of travelling target is a challenging task. Tracking is required in higher level applications that require the location and shape of target in every frame. In this survey, I expressed Background subtraction with alpha, statistical method, Eigen background Subtraction and Temporal frame differencing to detect travelling target as well as I described tracking method based on point tracking, kernel tracking and silhouette tracking.
The use of CRDi and MPFi is becoming more and more significant in the automotive industry. Gone are the days when vehicles used to be only mechanical machines. CRDi (Common Rail Direct Injection) and MPFi (Multipoint fuel Injection) are intelligent ways of controlling the diesel and petrol engines respectively with the help of modern computer systems. CRDi and MPfi help to improve the power, performance and reduce harmful emissions from a car engine. Non CRDi/MPFi engines are sluggish, noisy and poor in performance as compared to CRDi/MPFi engines.
Web design is a dynamic field which evolved around user viewing experience trends. The recent trends have revolutionized the web design approach technologies. The result of which, Responsive Web Design (RWD) concept was coined by Web Designer Ethan Marcotte in the year 2010. RWD is an approach of new paradigms and techniques to develop one single website which looks different for different screen sizes so that it is usable on any access web device. The core concepts of RWD are; media query concept, fluid grid concept, and fluid image concept. The study is inspired by the fluid grid concept. Lots of ink has been spilled on the concept, especially in areas of conversion of website’s fixed grid layouts to fluid grid layouts. However, these approaches involved heavy customization, resulting into slow adaption by web designers. Therefore, the study’s objective is to address this gap by implementing an alternative approach that will be non-customizable and accessible by a single line of code. Hence, study presented an enhanced approach to RWD by implementing an algorithm coined Liquidizer.js in a jQuery Framework. The study employed Matt Kersley RWD Tool: for testing Liquidizer.js, Bersoft Image Measurement (BIM) tool: for validating Liquidizer.js, and USE questionnaire for measuring usability: for evaluation of the Liquidizer.js algorithm in SPSS. The outcome of the study is threefold; to present the state-of-art survey of RWD technology, implement an algorithm Liquidizer.js that achieves an enhanced RWD, and register the Liquidizer.js in the jQuery Library under the GNU General Public License.
Natural products from microbial origin, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity and ease of simplicity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly by microbes has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds are synthesized by a number of microbial sources such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microscopic algae etc. Some of them are associated with antibacterial properties while some with antimicrobial properties. Apart from this some microbes showed broad range of action having properties of inhibiting bacteria, fungi, yeast etc. A few of the important sources of microbes for secretion of bioactive compounds are bacteria (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp.), Actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.), Fungi (Penicillium, Yeasts, Slime moulds), Microscopic algae (Seaweeds, dinoflagellates, diatoms etc.). A number of Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources and various environmental conditions are responsible for maximum production of bioactive compounds using different isolates.
In this present generation, due to extensive demands of low cost, high efficiency and performance along with superior quality has led to a decline in the simple and traditional research and new advance research has taken over. Hybrid composites have proved their great performance with excellent versatility. In case of Metal Matrix Composites of Aluminium, due to their high strength to weight ratio, high corrosion and wear resistance with relatively low cost are extensively produced and is employed in several applications like structural, aerospace, automobile sector due to its thermal stability and tremendous specific strength. These MMCs are advanced engineering materials which are reinforced with materials having improved mechanical and tribological behavior. Reinforcement like alumina, silicon carbide, TiO2, graphite and fly ash are mainly used. This paper presents a review on the mechanical properties and tribological behavior along with their microstructural evolution that is obtained after their reinforcement at various concentrations. Different reinforcements have different effect on aluminium composites like graphite addition enhances the tensile strength, elastic modulus, thermal and electrical conductivity due to its lubricating property. Alumina addition results in good tribological behavior. Fly ash addition caused an increase in tensile strength, yield strength and overall mechanical properties. Similarly other reinforcements have their particular effect on the Al composites.
The deformation load is the most important parameter in the press design. The flow of metal, consequently load, is largely influenced by the geometry of the die and hence the geometric shape of the tools is the main factor by which an optimum load can be developed. In extrusion process the strain distribution, resulting from deformation load, and other important variables that influence material structure, such as a hydrostatic stress, are strongly dependent on the geometry of the die. In the present investigation using linearly converging die profiles, the extrusion of simple and advanced polygons such as circular, square, triangular, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, L-, T-, and H- sections from round billet have been numerically simulated. Mathematical equations describing the die profiles were evaluated. A solid CAD model for the linearly converging die profile was made using Autodesk Inventor 2013 software and numerical analysis using DEFORM 3D software for extrusion of the above sections from round billet was then performed to determined, for dry and lubricated condition, the load prediction, effective stress, effective strain, strain rate, velocity and temperature distribution during the deformation. It is found that the predictive loads for advance (asymmetric) shapes are found to be higher than that of the simple shapes. While there is no marked difference between the predictive load for simple (axisymmetric) shapes, the L-section has the highest extrusion load, followed by T-section and the H-section given the least pressure.
In this study, the status of biodiversity conservation was assessed. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. The sampling entailed primary, secondary and tertiary sampling units. Tree identification and detailed growing stock were determined within the tertiary sampling plots (40m x 50m). Biodiversity status was assessed using Shannon-Wiener diversity (H'), species evenness (E) and Simpson dominance index. In addition, species similarity index of the two forest reserves was determined using Sorensen’s indix (based on qualitative and quantitative data). The study revealed that dominant families in Afi River Forest Reserve are Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, Euphorbiaceae and Meliaceae while for Oban Forest Reserve, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, Moraceae and Papilionoideae were the dominant families. The species similarity index of the two forest reserves was 84%, implying very high floristic similarity in their constituent tree species. The species richness index were 10.44 and 10.61 for Afi River and Oban Forest Reserves respectively while the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (HI) for Afi River Forest Reserve and Oban Forest Reserve were 3.827 and 3.795 respectively. The species diversity was higher in Afi River Forest Reserve than Oban Forest Reserve. More studies aimed at providing qualitative and quantitative assessments are required in order to further close the existing information gap in the study area.
The ability of mobile adhoc networks in co-operative routing has more chance of getting variety of attacks. To overcome the problem of routing attacks , there are many approaches has been discussed and we propose a novel distributed time sequence routing (DTSR) approach with energy efficient link management for mobile adhoc networks. In this approach, the nodes uses the secret key generated by Diffie-Hellman approach and shares between them. We are also growing the DTSR routing with both network size and node density. The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange is one of the more popular and attractive methods of key allocation. It is a public-key cryptographic system whose sole principle is for distributing keys, whereby it is used to switch a single piece of in sequence, and where the value obtained is general used as a session key for a private-key scheme It enables that adhoc nodes can correspond each other securely. The key allocation to adhoc nodes is done by means of two layer process. This paper proposes a key distribution scheme, based on intrusion detection method for using a data broadcast from source to destination on the network. It based high level security and more energy efficient data transmission on their network.
In this paper we proposed a novel method for mixed data classification based on clustering and classification ensemble. Ensemble learning is a commonly used tool for building prediction models from data classification, due to its intrinsic merits of handling large volumes data. Despite of its extraordinary successes in stream data mining, existing ensemble models, in stream data environments, mainly fall into the ensemble classifiers category, without realizing that building classifiers requires labor intensive labeling process, and it is often the case that we may have a small number of labeled samples to train a few classifiers, but a large number of unlabeled samples are available to build clusters from mixed data. Ensemble clustering-classification aims to combine multiple clusters together for prediction. For a given test set, each cluster will derive a label vector. Noticing that some label vectors may conflict with each other, most state-of-theart ensemble clusters models employ a equiledian distance metric to minimize the discrepancy between each pair of label vectors. Although such a label vector based consensus method performs well on mixed dataset. Our novel approached divide into three sections first on ECC method second one is ECC with SOM network and finally ECC –RBF.
This paper analyzes the effect of chromatic dispersion at 10 Gbps and 40 Gbps for 100km distance of optical fiber. In this paper, two different techniques to compensate this kind of dispersion have been introduced; Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). The simulation is performed in two different kind of fiber cables; NDSF (G.652) and NZDSF (G.655) using Optisystem (7) Simulator. Different comparison parameters have been considered in this analysis such as Bit error rate (BER), Q-Factor and Eye height.
Pakistan is facing a serious energy crisis affecting all economic sectors. Energy Audits were conducted in Textile sector to identify energy saving potential areas. It was observed that, due to lack of local R&D on the Green infrastructure concept and awareness regarding relation between Energy Efficiency and Green Infrastructure, the sector has followed the old & inefficient infrastructure without considering energy efficiency aspect of the building. Which has resulted in high energy input, low productivity and low product quality. By introducing Green infrastructure concept we can utilize recyclable / useful waste energy and the natural energy. It will lead to optimize the energy consumption, reduce GHG emissions and help in cleaning the environment.
In this paper is to here, a lot of topics cover up in a document are more frequently than not related to the context of the document, evaluate topical ideas within circumstance can potentially make known many interesting theme patterns in classify to progression of text precisely and efficiently. In the text analysis, typical algorithms are not good enough for the reason that requisites frequently were assumed self-sufficient, which was be acquainted with as an extraction model. But, the extraction model suggests a relatively make poor illustration of the data for the reason that it compensate no attention to any correlations between the conditions.
Authentication is a key pillar for secure systems and enterprises are more and more aware that simple text passwords are not a strong form of authentication. A text password is inherently weak. Using text passwords for authentication, as it is commonly done, has quite a few security drawbacks: passwords can be guessed, forgotten, written down and stolen, eavesdropped or deliberately being told to other people. A better, more secure way of authentication is the so called "two-factor" or "strong authentication", instead of authenticating with a simple password. Strong authentication solutions using two identification factors require often an additional device, which could be inconvenient for the user and costly for the service providers. To overcome the difficulties we introduced a two-factor authentication which doesn’t require any hardware device such as an authentication token or a hardware device to authenticate the user. The first factor is an Intervened text password more secure than a traditional text password and the second factor is a grid of Color Pattern.
This paper presents experimental performance and artificial neural network modeling of a solar dryer for drying of bamboo shoot strips. The dryer consists of a polycarbonate sheets on a metal sheet floor. The dryer is 1.5 m in width, 1.0 m in length and 2.0 m in height. Two 15-W DC fans powered by 50-W PV module were used to ventilate the dryer. To investigate its per-formance, the dryer was used to dry ten batches of bamboo shoot strips. For each batch, 10 kg of bamboo shoot strips were dried in the dryer. Results obtained from the experiments showed that drying temperatures varied from 31 à¹C to 50 à¹C and the use of the dryer led to a considerable reduction of drying time, as compared to the open air sun drying. In addition, the qual-ity of the product from the dryer was high-quality dried products. A multilayer neural network model was developed to predict the performance of this dryer. The predictive power of the model was found to be high after it was adequately trained.
This paper presents the viewing angle improvement of integral imaging (II) three-dimensional (3D) display system using horizontal and vertical multi-directional projections and elemental image (EI) rearranging method with pepper and salt noise reduction. Through this way, each elemental lens of micro lens array gathers horizontal and vertical multi-directional illuminations of multiple EI sets and produces multiple point light sources (PLSs) at the different positions in the focal plane and the positions of PLSs can be controlled by the projection angles. The viewing region is comprised of multiple diverging ray bundles that is broader than the conventional method owing to horizontal and vertical multi-directional projections of multiple EI sets. On the other hand, a conventional system provides a viewing area using only a single set of horizontal or vertical multidirectional EI projection. As a result, the viewing angle and the image quality of the 3D reconstructed image is enhanced.
The acid soils and lands of zinc mining areas are mostly contaminated with zinc toxicity. Therefore, keeping in view the importance of cultivation of rice in such Zinc contaminated areas, this study had been conducted to observe the ill-effects of Zinc (Zn) toxicity on the growth of rice and Zinc content in root and shoot of rice plants and to develop the zinc biofortified rice. Two parents MH63 indica and 02428 japonica along with six reciprocal introgression lines of each highly tolerant and highly susceptible from both of the respective backgrounds to zinc stress brought under study in green house conditions. Zinc in the form of ZnSO4.7H2O at the rate of 200 ppm and control was consequently applied to the rice seedlings for 21 days in hydroponic culture. A decrease in all parameters of the treated seedlings was observed. The highly susceptible RI lines had more content than highly RI tolerant lines. However, the phenotypic performance of tolerant RI lines was better than highly susceptible RI lines. Therefore, rice crop has been brought under further study to know its complete mechanism for zinc toxicity tolerance.
The proposed test rig is meant for testing of hydraulic elements used in aircraft except pump & actuators. It is used to check the performance of the hydraulic elements for pre-installation check before mounting on the aircraft. Line replacement units used in the light combat aircraft have important role to transfer pressure energy and fluid from pump to actuators. These units are used in the functioning of the flight control system and the main pump of aircraft. These are electrically operated hydraulic elements, hydraulic valves and landing gear accessories. The hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic circuit is built by the hydraulic pump, and that pressure is distributed along the pressure line with control system like line replacement units. The test rig design involved design of hydraulic circuit, selection of hydraulic elements, design of test rig which include mechanical items like test bed test stand, test chamber & hydraulic elements mounting bracket etc. The test rig will be capable of testing the various hydraulic elements on distinguish pressure and flow. There is facility to test electrically operated hydraulic elements by actuating them by means of electrical supply. It will have additional power pack which will provide hydraulic power and required work input in terms of pressure and rated flow. Also analysis is conducted on automation studio for every hydraulic circuit for pre installation check. Results have been compared with the manually calculate pressure losses and the results are presented. There is only 5-10% variation in virtual result in compare to analytically calculated results.
In this paper, we present the gyroscopic gravimeter state algorithm, with digital processing of sensor orientation information. We researched errors in gyroscopic gravimeter state assessment and typical errors influences on the gyroscopic gravimeter law of motion. The algorithm allows efficient filtration of most random and systematic errors.
At every stage of existence of synthetic plastic i.e. manufacturing, use and disposal it creates toxic pollution. Recent issues concerning the global environment pollution, human health and solid waste management have created lots of concern for the development of biodegradable plastics. In this regards Poly-β-hydroxy butyrate (PHB) has been found as green and biodegradable thermoplastic having similar properties to various synthetic polymers. Moreover, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, it is fully degraded to water and carbon dioxide. This review article focuses on the screening, production and degradation of biopolymer for its possible use as biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer to hazardous synthetic polymers.
Hypertension(HTN) increases the risk for stroke and coronary heart disease and is a main contributor to mortality. Sustained HTN for an extended period of time can lead to DNA damage due to the oxidative stress or various other reasons. The genetic instability include mutations, chromosomal aberrations and/or unscheduled DNA synthesis. The GFR is the product of filtration rate in single nephron and the number of nephrons in both kidneys. Several formulae were developed for calculating GFR based on serum creatinine and other markers. Estimated GFR using creatinine was calculated by MDRD formula, Cockcroft – Gault formula and CKD – EPI cystatin equation. The GFR values were calculated using creatinine and compared with the eGFR using the newer biomarkers CysC. In vitro mutagen sensitivity analysis showed that the mean number of chromatid breaks per cell (b/c) was significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in controls. The mean number of chromatid breaks per cell (b/c) value correlated well with the eGFR values suggesting the influence if DNA damage in the pathogenesis in HTN.
This report describes an approach for generation of rotation through quantum operators. The approach of the proposed method transforms the transitions between quantum gates in rotary operations. Operations with qubits are very similar to the rotation, but with an added phase coefficient. This fact is used to create a process for rotation between unitary matrices.
In this report is examined an algorithm for ensuring a spare quantum traffic, which requires the exchange of only one pair of qubits in order to be reached to a solution of the problem related to ensuring a spare traffic. Here we show two different approaches of the unitary dynamics that can enable the directional control, enhancement, and suppression of quantum transport. This opens new prospects for more efficient methods to transport a quantum information.
In this report is considered an algorithm for quantum non-local coordination. The algorithm for non-local coordination have been implemented as a quantum logic circuit, which include paired qubits, which can be represented as unitary matrices. The solution can be found through the constraints, on which these matrices must comply. The proposed quantum circuit opens new perspectives for more efficient methods for non-local quantum coordination.
This paper present a divide based simultable quantum circuit for spatial optimized coding, which is using only elementary quantum gates. The proposed approach provides the techniques for spatial optimized quantum algorithms. This approach might be useful only as a tool for spatial optimization of quantum algorithms, it is not particularly valuable for saving bandwidth.
In this research it is demonstrated that there is an existing universal set of elementary gates, which can emulate any other operation. The universal set of quantum operators is sufficient to satisfy all computational needs. In this formal research are reviewed the basic quantum gates and is demonstrated why they form an universal quantum gate. This particular set of operators is examined because some of the difficulty simulating quantum concepts are distributed evenly between those gates.
The research thesis is aimed towards the designing of a compact printed ultra wideband antenna (UWB) with dual band notched characteristics. It is a planar monopole micro-strip fed designed antenna structure. The radiating patch is rectangular in shape with a partial ground plane. The 3.0 GHz Wi-max band is rejected in addition to the 5.0 band used in Wireless Local Area networks (WLAN’s). Simulation is done using the “High Frequency Structure Simulator” and the measured values are analyzed. The results obtained after using the optimized parameters depict UWB characteristics while rejecting the two bands frequencies.
Among the academic specialties, business has led the way in display Internet courses to its students. In this respect, online classes give students additional opportunities and flexibility in their universities to integrate courses into their daily schedules, a lot of fears have developed from this form of distance education. Research on distance education, pointing to that, the keys to effective online versus traditional classes involves the development of new teaching methods, repeated and timely interaction via email, the utilize of collaboration among student groups, weekly discussion boards, and an appreciation for students with multiple backgrounds and experiences. All of these “keys” are practical and factual; however, the researcher considers that intrinsic motivation can play a key role in online student success. This research paper was designed to (i) exam literature related to the importance of online courses, (ii) discuss some educational indicators that support the concept that intrinsic motivation is attributable to student success in an online course; and (iii) provide important strategies that may be utilized to increase intrinsic motivation in online courses.
Solar pond output is characterized by the magnitude and temperature of the thermal energy stored which in turn depends on the pond depth and the surface area as well as the local climatic conditions. Hence, the design of a solar pond involves determining the zone depths matching to a given load. This paper deals with the development of a numerical model to optimize the design parameters of a 500 m2 salt gradient solar pond. The design optimization gives the optimum depth of each zone namely upper convective zone (UCZ), non-convective zone (NCZ) and lower convective zone (LCZ) based on the local weather conditions. Results from the numerical model shows that the thickness of the insulating zone (NCZ) depends on the monthly average hourly solar radiation as well as on the temperature of the LCZ. The thickness of the NCZ is determined as 1.2m for UCZ=0.2m thick.
The included block RAMs in the fabric have typically only two ports, so the multi-ported memories have become challenging to implement with FPGAs. Only by using logic elements or by combination of multiple block RAMs, the multi-ported memories can be designed. A new design is proposed in this paper called Live Value Table. This design has more number of read ports and write ports compared to other methods. The other method called XOR based approach is also introduced ,this requires more area compared to Live Value Table based approach.
Hard switching specifies the stressful switching behaviour of the controlled switches. During the turn-off and turn-on processes, the power electronic device has to withstand high current and voltage simultaneously, resulting in high stress and switching losses. The switching loss is directly proportional to the switch frequency, thus reducing the maximum switch frequency of the power electronic converter. The concept was to incorporate resonant tanks in the converters to create oscillatory (usually sinusoidal) voltage and/or current waveforms, so the zero current switching (ZCS) or zero voltage switching (ZVS) conditions can be achieved for the power control switches. The Soft-switched power converters are generally utilizing the resonance condition. Resonance condition is generally occurred just during the turn-off and turn-on processes, so as to create ZCS and ZVS across each switch. The Regulated three and five multiple-output dc-dc converter under zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition is proposed. The converter is consists of three outputs altogether. With the help of two asymmetric half bridge converters, the first and second outputs are controlled. Based on the phase shift between two asymmetric half bridge converters, the third output is controlled. At high switching frequency, these multiple-output dc–dc converters can give higher efficiency. The various stages of operation, soft switching condition and controlling schemes are also explained. A closed loop and open loop control techniques of the three multiple output converter is explained.
Breast region segmentation is the process of splitting mammogram image into breast region and background to focus and limit the search for abnormality on the breast region without the effect of the background on the results. In addition, performance of existing Computer Aided Detection (CAD) systems for detection of malignant tumours in breast tissue have been limited by the methods of segmentation. Image segmentation is a multi-objective problem where multiple criteria must be considered for extraction of breast region. The developed segmentation technique in this paper considered intensity of pixel for image binarization (using Otsu thresholding) and shape for image boundary refinement (using mathematical morphological processes), to detect exact location of tumour in breast tissue. The developed technique was evaluated using Kappa agreement scale (Hit, Miss and Over-hit). A moderate value of 0.59 in Kappa agreement scale was achieved for the segmentation. The Two-stage Segmentation Technique is efficient to extract the locations of breast tumour with low level of false positive.
This paper reviews the concept of Cryptography and stegnography (2 main pillors of security) including their difference also in a way of passing the information from one end to other. Stegnography is an art of hiding data is examined by Wavelet Approach. Under this approach with help of an algorithm a block dig. Is examined with encrypted message and disseminated abstractedly over the internet with the belief that stego-image carries confidential message which is not visible to intruder/un-authenticated person.
Ultrafast soliton switching in a two-core fiber coupler is studied by controlling the coupling coefficients of the fiber. The numerical investigation of all optical soliton switching is done by using split step Fourier transformation algorithm. An extended study is done for coupled mode NLSE and the behaviour of the launched pulse is studied by controlling the coupling coefficient (k)and it is found that faster switching takes place by rightly controlling the coupling coefficient of the fiber coupler.
In this research paper, the authors have dealt the design criteria for precast tunnel segments handling and lifting both in the factory as well as at the site of Tunnelling mostly done with the help of TBM now a days. Tunnel lining segments have to be handled from the factory or storage site and carried to the tunneling site for placing the lining segment at the right place in the underground tunnels with the help of TBM. Therefore, lifting, moving, handling and placing the tunnel lining segment without any damage and with full safety, is a major challenge for site engineers. In this research paper an effort has been done to calculate the max. Moments and shear forces that develop in tunnel lining segments while lifting and handling them in various combinations as per the need at site. If the moments /shear force induced in segment while handling them is known, the engineers can procure the correct type of tunnel handling equipments of required capacity in order to handle the movements of lining segments without compromising the safety standards and thus avoiding any mishap at site.
The objective of this paper is to present a best possible Heat Sink for efficient cooling of electronic devices. This paper deals with the comparative study of heat sink having fins of various profiles namely rectangle, Trapezoidal, rectangle Interrupted, Square, circular inline and staggered, as heat sinks are the commonly used devices for enhancing heat transfer in electronic components. In this work, a new concept for cooling the electronic components using the Aluminium alloy heat sink is proposed.
Internet is widely spread in each corner of the world, so there is always a possibility of unauthorized attacks. To protect the computers from these unauthorized attacks, effective intrusion detection systems (IDS) need to be employed. In recent years, various data mining approaches have been used with Intrusion Detection System to improve the accuracy and detection of novel types of intrusion. This paper evaluates the performance of various well known methods to classify the normal and attacked data, and finally advantage and disadvantage of various data mining algorithms are discussed. It has been observed that many challenges still exist in the design and implementation of IDS.
The aqueous extract of ginger (AEG) has been studied as a possible source of green inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl at temperature range 25-55o C using the conventional weight loss, Open circuit potential (OCP) , linear and Tafel polarization techniques. The evaluation of extract of ginger against different microorganisms has also been providing by using biocide. Moreover the structure of aqueous extract of ginger is analyzed by GC-MS spectra. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentration of the inhibitor and with decreasing temperature. The adsorption of aqueous extract of ginger on the mild steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization studies indicate that the aqueous extract of ginger is mixed type inhibitor. The thermodynamic functions of adsorption processes were calculated from weight loss at different temperatures data and were used to analyses the inhibitor mechanism. The surface morphology of the mild steel specimens was evaluated using SEM and EDAX analysis.
This paper focuses on the mathematical technique PCA with the drawback of its mixing of data pixel. We have extracted principal directions of the covariance ellipse as done in PCA, but we will not blindly take the Eigen vectors corresponding to k largest values. Instead, we transform the data vectors into the new n– dimensional (n is dimension of old input space) vector space spanned by the Eigen vectors of the covariance matrix of the input data and then take one attribute at a time to perform classification. Then, we choose attributes corresponding to k - largest accuracy measures this approach of Eigen vector selection shall prove to be more effective than the traditional one with the improved approach to the conventional method in which we have considered the feature vector corresponding to the k- minimum error in order to reduce the dimensionality. The work has been implemented on more than 545 images of men and women to give efficient consequences in context of advance approach of PCA.
Nature offers us with prosperity of plants (Shrubberies, flowers and vegetables etc.) which produce color for the purpose of coloring. From the last few years, an increase importance has been industrialized to the probable use of raw materials from plants to produced natural dye for dyeing textiles due to environmental aspects. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dyes from Ipomoea Indica leaves to improve the strength of colour using 5kGy-20kGy doses of gamma radiation by following the process of mordanting. The result indicates that ipomoea indica plant leaves could be natural dye source for textile aspect. Copper sulphate (10%) and iron sulphate (10%) were the best pre mordants whereas as Copper sulphate (6%) and Iron sulphate (6%) ware the best post mordants to improve the properties of colorfastness. The results attained from dyeing shows that gamma radiation of 10 kGy was the best dose for the modification of cotton fabric surface with the un-irradiated ipomoea indica leaves at 60 ÌŠ C for 40 min dyeing time by using dye bath with the salt concentration of 10g/100ml produce better fastness properties.
The need for mining structured data was apparent to the research community and one such approach focused on the topological view of data structures. Since the graph has a generic topological structure and is one of the most thoroughly researched data structures in Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics, state of- the-art techniques in graph-based data mining (GDM) have had profound influence. GDM has tremendous utility because graph-structured data occur widely in practical fields like biology, chemistry, material science and communication networking. Graph-based data mining represents a collection of techniques for mining the relational aspects of data represented as a graph. Two major approaches to graph based data mining are frequent sub graph mining and graph-based relational learning. This article will focus on one particular approach embodied in the Subdue system, along with recent advances in graph-based supervised learning, graph-based hierarchical conceptual clustering, and graph-grammar induction. The need for mining structured data has increased rapidly. One of the best studied data structures in computer science and discrete mathematics are graphs. Graph based data mining has become quite popular in the last few years. This study introduces the theoretical basis of graph based data mining and surveys the state of the art of graph-based data mining. Brief descriptions of some representative approaches are provided as well.
Posture of casting liquid metal into mold in molding metal industry performed manually using human muscles. Working by relying on human muscle will result not optimum working product, more over using of working tools that have not supported by appropriate standard operating procedures, new designs that have not considered the functions, and have not position human as the main factor. Therefore, standard operating and procedures should be created by considering human as the main factor in using working tools. Comfortability, safety, ability and limitation of human are considered in redesigning new handle ladle. Improvement of ladle would not result an optimal impact to improvement of physical condition of the workers if not supported by improvement of work organization simultaneously. Working tools are created to be operated optimally and could reduce complain of muscle workers. There are 14 working postures in casting liquid metal into mold. Each activity is analyzed using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique, continued by simulation of improvement of work organization in order to decrease postural working stress. RULA score analyzed statistically. Result shows that there are significant differences between conventional working posture before and after using new design of ladle which is shown by α <0,05. Repairment of ladle and improvement of working posture prioritizing ability, capacity, and limitation of workers could decrease postural stress on working posture in carrying liquid metal materials from category of immediately improvement to can be postponed improvement.
The challenging approach in data mining applications is about balanced privacy and data quality, a pair of contradictive factors. Var-ious techniques were focused on privacy preserving scheme using data perturbation. In this paper a sensitive attribute is analyzed using a hybrid data transformation approach which is a combination of fuzzy logic and non-negative factorization method. The proposed method is used to protect sensitive information of a confidential attributes without losing accuracy in results. The accuracy is measured using data mining techniques such as classification and clustering. Different classifiers and K-means clustering method are used and compared on the dataset.
This study was undertaken to design and develop a low cost food penetrometer to measure quality of solid, semi-solid and liquid foods. This equipment specifically has designed to measure the force required for the penetrant to travel a constant distance into food sample. Two types of penetrants were tested with the developed equipment. A penetrant fabricated with aluminum and which is a half hallow cone with 90° of internal angle was used for liquid and semi-solid foods. A penetrant fabricated with nylon and which is a solid cone with an internal angle of 20° was used for solid foods. The developed food penetrometer was tested with different types of food samples including bread, yoghurt and a sugar solution. Reading of the fabricated food penetrometer for fresh bread was 0.1755N and readings were increased during the storage period. Food penetrometer readings for fresh yoghurt and spoiled yoghurt were 0.1704N and 0.1242N respectively. In sugar solution samples, readings from fabricated food penetrometer were gradually decreased during fermentation.
Voting systems are complex systems that involve activities that take place before, during and after election. The world over, automation of voting systems has attracted the attention of academia and industry because voting system is fundamental to the success of any democratic process. In this paper, Hierarchical Timed Coloured Petri Nets (HTCPN) formalism is explored to develop an executable model for the Re-Modified Open-Secret Ballot System (REMOBS) adopted in Nigerian 2015 general election. The developed HTCPN model for REMOBS is made up of two modules representing the Accreditation Process and the Voting Process. Each of the modules comprises two sub-modules (voting_station and voting_booth). These sub-modules are made up of another layer of sub-modules that abstract key activities while each sub module in this layer is made up of several transitions and places. Thus, the developed HTCPN model can be easily modified through its associated modules to suit any future modification in voting systems.
Hermal performance of thermoelectric cooler is investigated experimentally. Thermoelectric cooling system is applied to many of engineering applications, the experimental test loop is deranged and providing under different operating condition. The effect of operating Parameters such as the voltage applied and air velocity on the performance of TEC., Experiments are Performed for applied voltage from 3 to 12 volts. And air velocity from 0.0 to 12m/s. The Experimental results showed that the minimum power consumption and maximum coefficient of performance occurs at lower values of the voltage applied.
The irrigation based modern agriculture is the recent requirement in every part of agriculture in India. With developments in technology, efforts are being channeled into automation of irrigation systems to facilitate remote control of the irrigation system and optimize crop production and cost effectiveness. This paper demonstrates how an automatedd water deployment system (AWDS) can practically be proposed by Wireless sensor network (WSN) which consists of Wireless sensor unit (WSU) & Wireless information unit (WIU). Specifically it will be developed to minimize water use for agriculture crops. The proposed system ensures that water is distributed to field properly. The system incorporated a remote monitoring mechanism via a Global system for mobile communication (GSM) module to report soil temperature, soil moisture & humidity. In the irrigation area automatic system, high performance embedded micro-controller and low-power technology is used to design the wireless sensor network. The wireless network is placed in the root zone of the plants for real time infield sensing & control of an irrigation system. In addition, WIU unit handles sensor information and transmit data to a android smart phone. It is observed that first time for the first time an android app inventor used in the irrigation syatem. The objective of the work is to provide an approach that helps farmers to easily access, manage and regulate their irrigation systems for the water needs of crops.
Solid waste disposal and management has been both an urban and rural challenge; however this paper focused on management of solid waste in an urban area. The rate at which solid waste was generated has been far higher than the capacity to responsibly manage the solid waste. Solid waste volumes have increased in urban areas due to growing population, concentration of industries, consumption of residents and inadequate finance and facilities to manage waste collection and disposal(NEMA 2007:276). There has been growing consensus that the immediate generators of waste need to join hands with the authorities in dealing with this problem that had far reaching environmental and human health impact. An urban environmental impact assessment was conducted with the view of solid waste generated, management and disposal. Methods of collecting the data that were used were; observation, interviews and questionnaires. The impact of solid waste was investigated and intervention strategies proposed. The findings were that there are factors that lead to lack of sound solid waste management and among those were the economic situation of the day, lack of proper and well managed infrastructure as well as the negative attitudes by residents towards the management of solid waste. The findings of the study showed that the levels of public participation in solid waste management in Gwanda town need to be improved for the good. The roles played by the public in solid waste management in Gwanda town need to be clearly spelt out. The public thoughts of how the solid waste was managed should be looked into and fresh ideas pulled together for better solid waste management in the future.
Enterprise Resource Planning-ERP is a software solution for business and data integration that works on the policy of ‘All in One’. It phases real-time data analytics and adopts a set of best practices in any firm. The seminar shall discuss the growing importance of an ERP system for effective and efficient management. It emphasizes the need of an intelligent centralized system for Non-Governmental Organizations to establish seamless communication among these organizations and also between the common people and the volunteers. A lot of small NGOs work for various social causes but not all have adequate resources to help their cause. Thus a simple and cost effective ERP system can automate management of human resource, financial resource and also share required resources easily among the NGOs. It’s important to be motivated towards uplifting those who are considered ’less fortunate’. Individual progress is the foundation to a nation’s progress as a whole.The Seminar will also discuss about a few case studies that have taken suitable efforts in helping such nonprofit organizations. The implementation will demonstrate a small component of the ERP system intended to help with a centralized database of several NGO’s, their integrated information and draw comparisons between various aspects of social work in these organizations through the ‘a priori’ algorithm. Thus the seminar will broadly explain how business and technology put together can have a great impact in speeding up efforts even towards such Noble sectors.
A novel approach towards the realization of all optical Ex-OR gate using all optical NOR gate, based on Semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA), has been presented in this paper, exploiting Four wave mixing(FWM), non linear effect in SOA’s. The design and simulation of the circuit has been described with the help of Optiwave software version 7.0 and have been optimized by measuring the output at different values of input parameters like input optical power, injection current and active region length of SOA. Here, in this paper the optimized output has been presented .Several approaches have already been suggested for designing all optical logic gates which includes cross gainmodulation(XGM),cross phase modulation(XPM) and Machzehender interferometer (MZI) structure etc. In this paper we will use the idea to generate FWM signals by keeping two data pumps(A and b) frequencies fixed at 193Thz and 193.1Thz respectively, which will generate the FWM at 193.2Thz
In the present study, we report the cloning and characterization of abundantly expressed Beta tubulin (BT) gene promoter from the dicot plant Brassica rapa. Isolation and characterization of useful promoters is routinely required for genetic manipulation of plants and is important in achieving controlled gene expression in transgenic plants. The major constraint regarding the utilization of commercially available promoters is the intellectual property right (IPR), therefore, discovery of efficient new promoters is important considering the IPR issues. The theme of this research was focused on stable transformation, using GUS expression cassette under selected Beta tubulin gene promoter sequence, in Nicotiana tabacum via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and perform expression analysis via histochemical GUS assay. The selected BT promoter sequence was cloned in plant expression vector (pGA482). The expression cassette was constructed in a modified vector derived from pJIT166 (pGR1) that contains GUS with intron under 2X35S promoter followed by CaMV terminator. The selected GUS expression cassette was developed by replacing 2X 35S promoter in pGR1, with the selected BT promoter. Further, GUS expression cassette was verified through restriction analysis and PCR amplifications. The PCR positive tobacco transgenic for BT expression cassettes was obtained and stained to check the GUS expression levels. The results are presented along with the proposed utilization of the studied promoter.
This paper describes the implementation of a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network for handwritten digit recognition. The paper provides the knowledge about previously implemented techniques for same application and also provides their merits and demerits. In this paper Optimal Multilayer perceptron Neural network has been designed to reduce complexity of the circuit. Results are also stated to verify the concept presented in this paper.
Edible insect consumption in the south eastern Nigeria was studied to ascertain the factors that limit insect consumption, the factors that promote insect consumption, the types of insect preferred by the south eastern, age bracket that consume insect the most, the policies to be adopted to increase insect consumption in the region. Three methods of data collection were used in the investigation: questionnaire structured in such a way that respondents tick yes or no in response to questions, questionnaires structured in such a way that respondent tick the column that expressed their feeling using four point Likert – type scale: Strongly agree -4 points, Agree t=-3 points, Disagree -2 points and Strongly disagere -1 point and oral interview. The population was drawn from the 21 Local Government Areas that make up Anambra State, a state that have full representation of people in the south east region. The result showed that level of acceptance of insect as food was least among the young people within 10-25 years of age (5.71%) and greatest among people above 25 years (50.24%). Cricket was found to be the most preferred insect but termite was the most consumed (25.95% out of 67.86% of those that eat insects as 32.14% do not eat insect at all), but termite was the most consumed (67% in the rural areas and 56% in the urban centres) because its availability as people can collect commercial quantities during their nuptial flight.
The purpose of this work is to obtain some new results for fractional second grade fluid (non-Newtonian) performing sinusoidal motion. The exact solution of the velocity field and associated shear stress corresponding to second grade fluid in an infinite cylinder are obtained by applying Laplace transform and Hankel transform. The solutions have been written in series form using generalized function G.,.,.(.,t) function and Bessel function. For a ? 0 similar solutions for Newtonian fluid performing the same sinusoidal motion are obtained. Solutions for ordinary second grade fluid performing the same sinusoidal motion are recovered from fractional fluid (second grade) as a limiting case.
The current epidemic giant that has currently made HIV-AIDS of a less priority compared to its old standing among deadly virus is the Ebola Virus. What occurred as a small insignificant issue has currently gained the ability to slow the growth of developing economies at a fast declining rate. With its daily interference in the three most affected countries namely Liberia, Sierra-Leone and Guinea, there was a need for drastic measures to be taken for it not to replicate the cases among surrounding nation. With the aid of globalization, the Ebola virus made its way into Africa most populous nation, Nigeria. Though currently described as an Ebola virus free nation by the world health organization, this paper looks at the trend of the theoretical trend the Ebola virus around the world before landing and leaving its mark in the nation. Measures were prescribe to be available for such future occurrence with the basic knowledge that the virus is covert until a suitable host is found.
Among the major implications of rapid urbanization, expansion of cities and their surrounding areas in corrosion villages and towns there. This phenomenon in the past half-century has been dominant. City Neyshabur, when growth quickened in the past two decades has been the increase in population and development. Sprawl constantly in this city so over the course of several villages with all the arable land, their surrounding tissue is incorporated. Neyshabur city is a model of multiple injuries suffered growth and spread of arable lands and orchards destroyed most important villages on the outskirts of the city. The present study sought to analyze the impact of Urban Sprawl Neyshabur place on village land has been integrated .GIS is used. The most important findings are:Neyshabur recent decades with the growth of urban spread and destruction of agricultural land has provided over the years 1996-2006, the results showed that agricultural land use changes to urban development Neyshabur users and services and these changes led to the agricultural lands surrounding villages have been destroyed.
A solar powered multi-tone ultrasonic rodent repeller was designed, constructed and characterized. The data generated during the simulation of the designed circuit using an oscilloscope of an Electronic Work Bench was investigated and analyzed. The plot of the data resulted to a rectangular pulses which confirms the use of 555 timer connected in astable multivibrator mode for generation of electrical signal, which is converted to ultrasound using a piezo crystal. The analysis of the pulses generated an ultrasonic frequency of 36 kHz which is used in repelling rodents. Also the Fourier analysis of the signal was computed and the intensity of the ultrasound was calculated, which infers that the intensity of the ultrasound is more on the rodents as it gets closer to the repeller. Therefore an ultrasonic frequency (which is frequency above 20 kHz) can be used to repel rodents.
The selectivity enhancement of ethylene oxide from oxidation of ethylene on silver catalyst at various operating conditions was studied. The effects of two factors on the ethylene oxide selectivity and its reactor performance were examined. The first was the variation of selectivity with flow rate for different total feed rates at constant temperature, while the second factor was the variation of selectivity with oxygen conversion for different flow rates at constant temperature. A kinetic model based on the definition of selectivity was introduced. It was assumed that oxygen is basic for conversion, flow pattern is ideal, constant pressure drop across the reactor and selective reaction is accompanied by side-reaction. It was found that ethylene oxide selectivity decreases with increasing total feed rate while increases with increasing volumetric flow rate and fraction conversion of oxygen. Also, it was more enhanced at low temperature. Therefore, the selectivity of ethylene oxide and its reactor performance could be enhanced by operating its reactor at high volumetric flow rate, low feed rate, high oxygen conversion and low temperature.
Client is 10 years old boy. He belongs to middle socio economic status. Client is a second born child and has one elder sister. He is studying in class five in a Sir Syed school in Rawalpindi. Client was brought to NIRM by his parents. . He came with the complaints of marked behavioral impairments (i.e. difficulty in organizing tasks and activities, difficulty in sustaining attention, Fidgets with the hands, aggression towards people etc). Client was assessed with the help of informal and formal assessment. Informal assessment includes history taking, interview and mental status examination. Formal assessment included House Tree Person (HTP), Child Problem Checklist (CPC), and Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM). According to DSM-5 criteria, results of the psychological tests as well as case history and behavioral observations seem to indicate that client is having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder. Therapeutic recommendations include parental training, behavioral treatment, and classroom management, suggestions for parents and teachers and cognitive behavioral therapy.
English as second language (ESL) teaching and learning in the universities is a complex process. It takes into consideration the participants’ individual differences and the environmental factors which have an impact on second language acquisition in general. When the learners are heterogeneous, by virtue of their mother tongue, aptitude, attitude, culture and tradition the teacher scouts for various means by which language learning can be made simple and easy. The present day university students are ‘digital natives’ (Palfrey and Grasser 2008); as such they are technology oriented. Their interest in the electronic media and modern gadgets allows the teachers to use them to assist language teaching in formal English classrooms and make learning lively and interesting. The research oriented university teachers have recorded many such technological interventions and their usefulness in the university ESL learning across the world. While submitting such instances, the author submits how technology is integrated in Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute in the Technical English classrooms.
Soil samples are collected from different villages affected with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Uddanam area of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. These samples are analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The trace elements Si, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As are identified and compared with NIST soil-2587 standard. The impact of each element on human physiology and CKD is analysed.
The prediction of parameters in sea keeping, for example, body response, wave load, deck wetness, slamming, among others, are some of the most important aspects in ship design. Furthermore, peak loads created by cyclone winds and waves and fatigue loads generated by waves over the body are also important design consideration for offshore construction. Offshore platforms which is part of offshore construction have many uses including oil exploration and production, navigation, ship loading and unloading and to support bridges and causeways, where offshore oil drilling is one of the most visible and imperative application. The structures aforementioned must function properly and safely for a longer period although they are subject to harsh marine environment. Due to these visible applications this paper is aimed at addressing impulsive hydrodynamic forces that come about due to presence of a rectangular floating barge on the wave terrain. The panel method developed by Hess and Smith (1964) will be used together with the appropriate Greens functions to help in deriving the integral equations.
The cassava peeling and washing machine was designed, fabricated and tested. The machine consists of two chambers joined together as a single machine to perform the work of peeling and as well as washing. The brushes which are in form of shafts were fixed in the upper chamber and they remove dirt and sand aided by plentiful supply of clean water under pressure via water pump. The peeler drum was enclosed by the down chamber with rough and sharp surface that peel and also oriented in a spiral form (auger) for conveyance of the cassava tuber to the outlet chute. A 3hp single phase electric motor supply power to the machine via pulley and belt to the peeler drum shaft. The peeler drum shaft that transfers the drive to the drum was fixed at the centre of the drum. It was observed that the efficiency of the machine was hindered by the speed. The efficiency of the machine was 70% on the speed of rotation of peeler drum at 420 rpm. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that speed was an important parameter that affects the performance of the machine.
Steganography is one of the methods used to hide information for the purpose of exchanging information and it can be defined as the study of communication that usually deals with ways of hiding the message with other medium like image, audio etc. In this way, if message is hidden properly,then message is not easy to be extracted by from eavesdroppers and attackers. Using steganography, information can be hidden in different embedding mediums, known as carriers. These carriers can be images, audio files, video files, and text files. This is a review paper for various studies done on steganography. Also paper provides various ways for betterment of LSB method of staganography.
Transmission of multicast traffic (such as video, data and voice services over World Wide Interoperability for Micro Wave Access “WiMAX” aims to make multicast traffic available to users anywhere, anytime and on any device. The major challenges of transmitting wireless traffic over WiMAX network through convention multicast schemes are throughput fluctuation (Variations) among the subscribers within the network coverage, unfair distribution of network resources, delay, delay jitter and packet drop because they are placed in different locations from the Base Station. These inefficiencies are as a result of different fading and path losses in time-varying wireless channel experience by the Subscribers. Scheduling algorithms are mainly responsible for utilization of available resources that are obtained in the network in order to ensure the desire quality of service, among those scheduling algorithms are Round Robin, Max Rate, first in first out, Maximum Throughput, proportional fairness and weighted fair queuing etc. This paper surveys various scheduling algorithms for maximization of network throughput, fair distribution of resource, minimize packet loss and delay in WiMAX. Performances and limitations of some of the previous works are identified. Finally, future research directions to improve on some of the observed inefficiencies are discussed.
Desirable management means to investigate the problems of planning, monitoring coordination of the different parts and how to provide and implement the projects and the public needs that deal with it from prenatal until death. In other words, management must try in direction of all the executive ways that the residing people of the city are contacted with and it must implement the affairs correctly and dispose the problems and meet the needs. The purpose of the macro-management of urban is creating a livable environment for all with social justice, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability and urban management is integrated in the areas of urban land and housing, social services and economic development and environmental infrastructure. The Purpose of this paper is Analysis and ranking physical development indicators in the city of Zabol according to the role of urban management. The results show that the Index (B): The situation of the network of passages and communication network: with a standard weight of (0.277): in the first place and Index (D): The situation of urban green space: with a standard weight of (0.208) in the fourth place.
The advancement of Mobile technology in IT consulting is essentially important to implement mobile devices with associated technology to improve IT consulting advice and services by using different platforms. IT consulting is giving more focus to offer professional advice and guidance to customers with provide various consulting services for enterprise and recommend solution, or other clients with markets affect the way we work, live and play on mobile technology as well as the strategy in order to get better solution such as analyze and assess the viability of new product, evaluate devices compatibility of the product and suggest suitable platforms for implementation, the prove of concept of product to ensure the product features can be implemented, technical and functional design and other services which the ways to achieve time to market and business objective.
Two plants I have grown in different condition one grown with eggshell and bio waste manure and other plant grown without this manure . The Egg Shell added as an improvement to homemade fertilizer , eggshells restore Calcium sulphate helps Plants to form strong cell walls and transport molecules between Cells. Sprinkled manure on the ground around your plants, egg shell can also defer Pests. There are many factors that affect the overall quality of the egg shell and bio- waste manure. The egg shell consists of about 94 to 97% Calcium Carbonate. The other 3% is Organic matter and egg shell pigment. Forget spending money on bags of Fertilizers for your Garden. Ordinary Kitchen Scrap in that you discard everyday have the same Potential to nourish your Plants and prevents bugs and weeds without risks that synthetic fertilizer post to your plants and the local environment .After mixing them all we can make home made Fertilizer which can protect our Plants, helps in growth and can make them healthy. This we can use to grow other Plants and Crops
The aim of the current research is to develop a diagnostic model for Fault detection of Boiler tube, which is the integral part of a power plant. There was a severe thickness reduction was detected in a boiler tube during periodic investigations. There are several reasons for tube failures in a boiler are Water side corrosion, Erosion and Fire side corrosion etc. Their failure could lead to tragic consequences and therefore Boilers have regular costly inspections. The highest safety could be achieved if the monitoring strategy covers the complete Boiler. Usually, this is not possible due to the related costs. Hence, early detection of the Fault present in the Boiler tubes helps in taking remedial measures to avoid catastrophic failures, which in turn prevent the loss of the property as well, saves the lives of human beings.
This work aimed to develop an expert fault diagnostic system for the repair and maintenance of bulldozer work equipment faults. An Expert System, ES is one of the many quick and efficient repairs and maintenance strategy that can be used on these machines. ES is a C# computer based programming software that can be adopted to extend the life span of equipments and reduce the cost of human expert for their repairs. In this work, an expert system was developed as a tool that will detect, analyse and proffer respective solutions to the bulldozer work equipment faults. A flowchart (logic chart) was also developed. The flowchart is a logical sequence for characterising and troubleshooting the causes of bulldozer’s work equipment failure. In this report, the solutions to the detected faults: low or high hydraulic valve pressure, abnormal noise in the control valve was documented accordingly. The preferred solutions to the various faults observed were also included with snapshots from each interface of the developed program in the report. The ES developed can be adopted in the construction industries for carrying out repair and maintenance of equipment for optimum performance at a highly reduced cost. This can also be used as a teaching aid in the department of mechanical and mechatronics engineering and other fields of engineering institute. This study will enable automobile and maintenance workshops to proffer solutions to maintenance of bulldozer’s work equipment failure and at the same time avoid costly damage and optimize the economic objective.
SRAM cells play an important role in today’s world and the impact they have on memory designs is tremendous. Different types of SRAM cells have been designed till date but consistent efforts are still being made to look out for ways to improve their performance. One such thing that affects the performance of the SRAM cells is the NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability). This paper uses a simple 6T SRAM cell to see what exactly NBTI does to these cells and what happens as a result of the same. This paper explains more about what NBTI actually is, how does it arise, how do they change the device behavior or characteristics and what exactly happens to these SRAM cells on account of this effect. Also, apart from the effect of the NBTI on SRAM cells, this paper also shows the leakage current that persists in the SRAM cell while the entire circuit is switched off (standby mode).
This research aimed at modelling a risk factors affecting anemia caused by malaria among children in Nigeria and determine the goodness of fit of the model and thereby proffering useful suggestions and recommendations. Ordinal logistic regression was used as a tool to model the risk factors affecting severity of anemia (i.e no anemia, mild and severe) among chidren with respect to maternal ages, region, place of residence, sex, educational level of mother, use of mosquito net, wealth index, had malaria two weeks before the survey and age in months of child. The data was obtained from NDHS dataset on malaria 2008. The study showed that severity of anemia is greatly affected by socio-economic variables, such as region, place of residence, educational level of mothers, gender, and wealth index. The study also revealed that age of mothers does not affect severity of anemia.
This research is aimed at growing nanofilms of Silver cobalt oxide by doping with cobalt at various percentages using electrodeposition method. The films are to be analyzed for their optical properties with a view to ascertaining the effect of doping and ascertain possible applications.Silver oxide exists in different defined compounds namely; AgO, Ag2O, Ag2O3, Ag3O4, Ag4O4 and Ag4O3.
As a social phenomenon, immigration has different economic, social, cultural, environmental consequences and reflections. Its relationship with the security, political, economic, cultural, environmental dimensions and etc is one of the main issues in the immigration debate. In this regard the aim of this study is to evaluate and analyze the role of illegal immigration in urban security by using of prioritized model of AHP in Zabol. The method of this study is descriptive-analytic based on field studies. The results show that the item of the impact of illegal immigration on economic security with the criterion weight of 0.319 is in the first place and the item of the impact of illegal immigration on environmental security with the criterion weight of 0.197 will be placed in last place.
Fruit consumption is no longer merely a result of taste and personal preference, but has become a concern of health due to the vital fruit nutrients content. In addition to essential nutrients, most fruits feature considerable amounts of micronutrients, such as minerals, fibers, vitamins and secondary phytochemical compounds. Increasing evidence shows the importance of these micronutrients for human health .Diets rich in phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds, have been associated with a reduced risk of diseases such as certain types of cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular, cataracts, macular degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.The preesnt study aims at extracting the bioactive components of fruit wastes like pecton, antimicrobial proteins and polyphenols.The satistical analysis of the compounds in respect to their correlation coefficients have been studied.’
Soil particle less than 75 microns can be analyzed for the distribution of various grains sizes of silt and clay. This is achieved through hydrometer test. In this study the effect of different dispersing agents on the hydrometer test were studied. Four different solutions of dispersing agent and soil samples were prepared. The first solution was prepared using 35g of sodium hexametaphosphate with 7g of sodium carbonate (solution I). Second solution is prepared using only 40g of sodium hexametaphosphate per 1 litre of solution (solution II). Third solution is prepared using 40g of sodium carbonate (solution III) and the fourth is prepared without using any dispersing agent rather, the two soil samples used were dissolved in distilled water (solution IV).